{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T00:19:39Z","timestamp":1790986779201,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":210,"publisher":"MIT Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":37,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC017175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC017175"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03DC015329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03DC015329"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC011277"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC011277"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC018283"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC018283"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21DC015853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21DC015853"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC007683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC007683"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC015494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC015494"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC307764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC307764"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03DC013402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03DC013402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC018000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC018000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC017444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC017444"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC020707"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC020707"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21DC017227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21DC017227"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC019904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC019904"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZIA NS009420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIA NS009420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Stuttering Association","award":["CASE grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CASE grant"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCS1626300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS1626300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/K023772\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/K023772\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/N025539\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N025539\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013373","name":"NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR203316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR203316"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013373","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203139\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203139\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203139\/A\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203139\/A\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC00559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC00559"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our understanding of the neurobiological bases of stuttering remains limited, hampering development of effective treatments that are informed by basic science. Stuttering affects more than 5% of all preschool-age children and remains chronic in approximately 1% of adults worldwide. As a condition that affects a most fundamental human ability to engage in fluid and spontaneous verbal communication, stuttering can have substantial psychosocial, occupational, and educational impacts on those who are affected. This article summarizes invited talks and breakout sessions that were held in June 2023 as part of a 2-day workshop sponsored by the US National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. The workshop encompassed topics including neurobiology, genetics, speech motor control, cognitive, social, and emotional impacts, and intervention. Updates on current research in these areas were summarized by each speaker, and critical gaps and priorities for future research were raised, and then discussed by participants. Research talks were followed by smaller, moderated breakout sessions intended to elicit diverse perspectives, including on the matter of defining therapeutic targets for stuttering. A major concern that emerged following participant discussion was whether priorities for treatment in older children and adults should focus on targeting core speech symptoms of stuttering, or on embracing effective communication regardless of whether the speaker exhibits overt stuttering. This article concludes with accumulated convergent points endorsed by most attendees on research and clinical priorities that may lead to breakthroughs with substantial potential to contribute to bettering the lives of those living with this complex speech disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/nol_a_00162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T12:49:57Z","timestamp":1738932597000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Stuttering: Our Current Knowledge, Research Opportunities, and Ways to Address Critical Gaps"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4448-9525","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Soo-Eun","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Communication Disorders, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6372-6402","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Below","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9333-4840","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ho Ming","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1161-1555","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Frank H.","family":"Guenther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Speech, Language, & Hearing Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7049-8797","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amanda M.","family":"Hampton Wray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2896-0452","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eric S.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3967-5545","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ludo","family":"Max","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2414-7595","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicole E.","family":"Neef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, Georg August University, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4119-9979","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shahriar","family":"SheikhBahaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuron-Glia Signaling and Circuits Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lana","family":"Shekim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9099-9684","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seth E.","family":"Tichenor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech-Language Pathology, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3526-7218","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bridget","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2621-482X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kate E.","family":"Watkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1964-575X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J. Scott","family":"Yaruss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9947-0656","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nan","family":"Bernstein Ratner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences & Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.01.04.574051","article-title":"Morphological deficits of glial cells in a transgenic mouse model for developmental stuttering","author":"Adeck","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025040416445049500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article e0198450","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198450","article-title":"Subtypes of stuttering determined by latent class analysis in two Swiss epidemiological surveys","volume":"13","author":"Ajdacic-Gross","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040416445049500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2004.03.001","article-title":"Stuttering and the basal ganglia circuits: A critical review of possible relations","volume":"37","author":"Alm","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2014.01.004","article-title":"Stuttering in relation to anxiety, temperament, and personality: Review and analysis with focus on causality","volume":"40","author":"Alm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 661880","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.661880","article-title":"The dopamine system and automatization of movement sequences: A review with relevance for speech and stuttering","volume":"15","author":"Alm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2006.04.001","article-title":"Stuttering in adults: The acoustic startle response, temperamental traits, and biological factors","volume":"40","author":"Alm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040416445049500_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4003.567","article-title":"The genetic basis of persistence and recovery in stuttering","volume":"40","author":"Ambrose","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040416445049500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3604.701","article-title":"Genetic aspects of early childhood stuttering","volume":"36","author":"Ambrose","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2015.05.004","article-title":"Relation of motor, linguistic and temperament factors in epidemiologic subtypes of persistent and recovered stuttering: Initial findings","volume":"45","author":"Ambrose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040416445049500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1692965","article-title":"The role of executive function in developmental stuttering","volume":"40","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Seminars in Speech and Language"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040416445049500_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-008-9173-8","article-title":"On the relationship between individual and population health","volume":"12","author":"Arah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025040416445049500_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0641-7","article-title":"Conservation of brain connectivity and wiring across the mammalian class","volume":"23","author":"Assaf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025040416445049500_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.13039","article-title":"The application of neuronavigated rTMS of the supplementary motor area and rhythmic speech training for stuttering intervention","volume":"59","author":"Bakhtiar","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025040416445049500_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.02.068","article-title":"A mutation associated with stuttering alters mouse pup ultrasonic vocalizations","volume":"26","author":"Barnes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2012.12.001","article-title":"The impact of stuttering on adults who stutter and their partners","volume":"38","author":"Beilby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2799926\/v1","volume-title":"Discovery of 36 loci significantly associated with stuttering","author":"Below","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040416445049500_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12765","article-title":"Stuttering as a trait or state\u2014An ALE meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies","volume":"41","author":"Belyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 101718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2019.101718","article-title":"Neurofilament-lysosomal genetic intersections in the cortical network of stuttering","volume":"184","author":"Benito-Arag\u00f3n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Progress in Neurobiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040416445049500_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2005.04.002","article-title":"Evidence-based practice in stuttering: Some questions to consider","volume":"30","author":"Bernstein Ratner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4601.31","article-title":"The concomitant problems of young stutterers","volume":"46","author":"Blood","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib21","volume-title":"A handbook on stuttering","author":"Bloodstein","year":"2021","edition":"7th ed."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040416445049500_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2011.12.002","article-title":"Australian normative data for the overall assessment of the speaker\u2019s experience of stuttering","volume":"37","author":"Blumgart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025040416445049500_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15211","article-title":"Self-reported impact of developmental stuttering across the lifespan","volume":"64","author":"Boyce","year":"2022","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 105766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105766","article-title":"A systematic review of interventions for adults who stutter","volume":"64","author":"Brignell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025040416445049500_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.0633","article-title":"The impact of stuttering\u2014Hiding in plain sight","volume":"78","author":"Briley","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurology"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 105820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105820","article-title":"Relationships between stuttering, depression, and suicidal ideation in young adults: Accounting for gender differences","volume":"67","author":"Briley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20140","article-title":"Stuttered and fluent speech production: An ALE meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies","volume":"25","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040416445049500_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01259-x","article-title":"Molecular and network-level mechanisms explaining individual differences in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"26","author":"Buch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib29","article-title":"It\u2019s just that simple: Parental language complexity in early childhood stuttering","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Joint World Congress on Stuttering and Cluttering","author":"Burns","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 662016","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.662016","article-title":"Speech fluency improvement in developmental stuttering using non-invasive brain stimulation: Insights from available evidence","volume":"15","author":"Busan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib31","volume-title":"Stammering pride and prejudice: Difference not defect","author":"Campbell","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 942","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00519-8","article-title":"Overexpression of human NR2B receptor subunit in LMAN causes stuttering and song sequence changes in adult zebra finches","volume":"7","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2017.01.002","article-title":"Anomalous network architecture of the resting brain in children who stutter","volume":"55","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.08.021","article-title":"Relation between functional connectivity and rhythm discrimination in children who do and do not stutter","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinical"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040416445049500_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.09.067","article-title":"Brain anatomy differences in childhood stuttering","volume":"39","author":"Chang","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025040416445049500_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858418803594","article-title":"Functional and neuroanatomical bases of developmental stuttering: Current insights","volume":"25","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 3088","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.03088","article-title":"Involvement of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop in developmental stuttering","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025040416445049500_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3709","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt275","article-title":"Neural network connectivity differences in children who stutter","volume":"136","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040416445049500_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu400","article-title":"White matter neuroanatomical differences in young children who stutter","volume":"138","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040416445049500_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1044\/leader.FTR.05032000.4","article-title":"Life participation approach to aphasia: A statement of values for the future","volume":"5","author":"Chapey","year":"2000","journal-title":"ASHA Leader"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040416445049500_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy011","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation over left inferior frontal cortex improves speech fluency in adults who stutter","volume":"141","author":"Chesters","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/8st3j","volume-title":"Neural changes after training with transcranial direct current stimulation to increase speech fluency in adults who stutter","author":"Chesters","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 103413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2023.103413","article-title":"Brain activity during the preparation and production of spontaneous speech in children with persistent stuttering","volume":"38","author":"Chow","year":"2023","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinical"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 101224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2023.101224","article-title":"Brain developmental trajectories associated with childhood stuttering persistence and recovery","volume":"60","author":"Chow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040416445049500_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1162\/nol_a_00017","article-title":"Linking lysosomal enzyme targeting genes and energy metabolism with altered gray matter volume in children with persistent stuttering","volume":"1","author":"Chow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Language"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040416445049500_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article fcab266","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab266","article-title":"Neuroanatomical anomalies associated with rare AP4E1 mutations in people who stutter","volume":"3","author":"Chow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Communications"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040416445049500_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2013.05.016","article-title":"Computational modeling of stuttering caused by impairments in a basal ganglia thalamo-cortical circuit involved in syllable selection and initiation","volume":"126","author":"Civier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040416445049500_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2010.05.002","article-title":"Overreliance on auditory feedback may lead to sound\/syllable repetitions: Simulations of stuttering and fluency-inducing conditions with a neural model of speech production","volume":"35","author":"Civier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025040416445049500_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab283","article-title":"Elevated iron concentration in putamen and cortical speech motor network in developmental stuttering","volume":"144","author":"Cler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"16","key":"2025040416445049500_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2018.1555623","article-title":"The lived experience of stuttering: A synthesis of qualitative studies with implications for rehabilitation","volume":"42","author":"Connery","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disability and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib51","unstructured":"Constantino, C. D.\n           (2012). Day-to-day variability of stuttering[Master\u2019s thesis]. University of Pittsburgh. https:\/\/d-scholarship.pitt.edu\/12474\/1\/constantinocd_etd2012.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_LSHSS-22-00038","article-title":"Fostering positive stuttering identities using stutter-affirming therapy","volume":"54","author":"Constantino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040416445049500_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_JSLHR-19-00068","article-title":"The speaker\u2019s experience of stuttering: Measuring spontaneity","volume":"63","author":"Constantino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040416445049500_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2009.05.002","article-title":"The impact of stuttering on the quality of life in adults who stutter","volume":"34","author":"Craig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2014.01.001","article-title":"Trait and social anxiety in adults with chronic stuttering: Conclusions following meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Craig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2015.08.008","article-title":"Electrophysiological evidence for a general auditory prediction deficit in adults who stutter","volume":"150","author":"Daliri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2015.03.002","article-title":"Modulation of auditory processing during speech movement planning is limited in adults who stutter","volume":"143","author":"Daliri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 234","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00234","article-title":"Modulation of auditory responses to speech vs. nonspeech stimuli during speech movement planning","volume":"10","author":"Daliri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.10.019","article-title":"Stuttering adults\u2019 lack of pre-speech auditory modulation normalizes when speaking with delayed auditory feedback","volume":"99","author":"Daliri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040416445049500_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article e12521","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12521","article-title":"Auditory-motor adaptation is reduced in adults who stutter but not in children who stutter","volume":"21","author":"Daliri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040416445049500_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1097\/00011363-200407000-00007","article-title":"The impact of stuttering on identity construction","volume":"24","author":"Daniels","year":"2004","journal-title":"Topics in Language Disorders"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2025040416445049500_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)01671-8","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging of cerebellar activation during single word reading and verb generation in stuttering and nonstuttering adults","volume":"302","author":"De Nil","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040416445049500_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2003.07.002","article-title":"A positron emission tomography study of short- and long-term treatment effects on functional brain activations in adults who stutter","volume":"28","author":"De Nil","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025040416445049500_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article e0133758","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133758","article-title":"Direct versus indirect treatment for preschool children who stutter: The RESTART randomized trial","volume":"10","author":"de Sonneville-Koedoot","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025040416445049500_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2015.1016110","article-title":"An investigation of the role of parental request for self-correction of stuttering in the Lidcombe Program","volume":"17","author":"Donaghy","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040416445049500_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/s11689-011-9090-7","article-title":"Genetic approaches to understanding the causes of stuttering","volume":"3","author":"Drayna","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040416445049500_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2007\/021)","article-title":"Genetic etiology in cases of recovered and persistent stuttering in an unselected, longitudinal sample of young twins","volume":"16","author":"Dworzynski","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040416445049500_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_JSLHR-22-00126","article-title":"A preliminary study of speech rhythm differences as markers of stuttering persistence in preschool-age children","volume":"66","author":"Erdemir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2016.04.024","article-title":"Genetic and non-genetic animal models for autism spectrum disorders (ASD)","volume":"64","author":"Ergaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reproductive Toxicology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040416445049500_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3109\/14015439.2010.534503","article-title":"Heritability and environmental effects for self-reported periods with stuttering: A twin study from Denmark","volume":"36","author":"Fagnani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Logopedics, Phoniatrics, Vocology"},{"issue":"44","key":"2025040416445049500_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17615","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1310134110","article-title":"What is a representative brain? Neuroscience meets population science","volume":"110","author":"Falk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040416445049500_bib72","first-page":"224","article-title":"Verbal dichotic listening in developmental stuttering: Subgroups with atypical auditory processing","volume":"17","author":"Foundas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040416445049500_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1002\/mgg3.276","article-title":"Genetic contributions to stuttering: The current evidence","volume":"5","author":"Frigerio-Domingues","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2019.03.007","article-title":"Genetic factors and therapy outcomes in persistent developmental stuttering","volume":"80","author":"Frigerio-Domingues","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025040416445049500_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_AJSLP-21-00209","article-title":"What is the role of questioning in young children\u2019s fluency?","volume":"31","author":"Garbarino","year":"2022","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech Language Pathology"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 411","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00411","article-title":"Stuttering severity modulates effects of non-invasive brain stimulation in adults who stutter","volume":"13","author":"Garnett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 894676","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.894676","article-title":"Neural activity during solo and choral reading: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of overt continuous speech production in adults who stutter","volume":"16","author":"Garnett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040416445049500_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_PERSP-21-00109","article-title":"Interrupting ableism in stuttering therapy and research: Practical suggestions","volume":"7","author":"Gerlach-Houck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1044\/2024_AJSLP-24-00155","article-title":"It\u2019s about time: Parent\u2013child turn-taking in early stuttering","volume":"34","author":"Godsey","year":"2025","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025040416445049500_bib80","first-page":"238","article-title":"A double-blind comparison of clomipramine and desipramine in the treatment of developmental stuttering","volume":"56","author":"Gordon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 981657","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2022.981657","article-title":"A perspective on enhancing representative samples in developmental human neuroscience: Connecting science to society","volume":"16","author":"Green","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/10471.001.0001","volume-title":"Neural control of speech","author":"Guenther","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib83","volume-title":"Stuttering: An integrated approach to its nature and treatment","author":"Guitar","year":"2014","edition":"4th ed."},{"issue":"8","key":"2025040416445049500_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_JSLHR-19-00320","article-title":"Neural processes underlying nonword rhyme differentiate eventual stuttering persistence and recovery","volume":"63","author":"Hampton Wray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"35","key":"2025040416445049500_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17515","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1901480116","article-title":"Human GNPTAB stuttering mutations engineered into mice cause vocalization deficits and astrocyte pathology in the corpus callosum","volume":"116","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025040416445049500_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz115","article-title":"Cohort profile: The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health)","volume":"48","author":"Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040416445049500_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy049","article-title":"Functional segregation of the right inferior frontal gyrus: Evidence from coactivation-based parcellation","volume":"29","author":"Hartwigsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"7416","key":"2025040416445049500_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11405","article-title":"An anatomically comprehensive atlas of the adult human brain transcriptome","volume":"489","author":"Hawrylycz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040416445049500_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.01.019","article-title":"Sensorimotor integration in speech processing: Computational basis and neural organization","volume":"69","author":"Hickok","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025040416445049500_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2018.2829083","article-title":"An fNIRS-based feature learning and classification framework to distinguish hemodynamic patterns in children who stutter","volume":"26","author":"Hosseini","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2020.1735304","article-title":"Lived experience of people who stutter: A descriptive review of qualitative studies from 1990\u20132017","volume":"36","author":"Isaacs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Disability and Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040416445049500_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1162\/nol_a_00073","article-title":"Activation in right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex underlies stuttering anticipation","volume":"3","author":"Jackson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Language"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040416445049500_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1667164","article-title":"My client knows that he\u2019s about to stutter: How can we address stuttering anticipation during therapy with young people who stutter?","volume":"39","author":"Jackson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Seminars in Speech and Language"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 105878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2021.105878","article-title":"Adults who stutter do not stutter during private speech","volume":"70","author":"Jackson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2019.03.001","article-title":"An exploratory factor analysis of action responses to stuttering anticipation","volume":"60","author":"Jackson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2015.05.002","article-title":"Responses of adults who stutter to the anticipation of stuttering","volume":"45","author":"Jackson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025040416445049500_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0902630","article-title":"Mutations in the lysosomal enzyme\u2013targeting pathway and persistent stuttering","volume":"362","author":"Kang","year":"2010","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2017.02.001","article-title":"Speaking-related changes in cortical functional connectivity associated with assisted and spontaneous recovery from developmental stuttering","volume":"55","author":"Kell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025040416445049500_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp185","article-title":"How the brain repairs stuttering","volume":"132","author":"Kell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.10.014","article-title":"Dissociated development of speech and limb sensorimotor learning in stuttering: Speech auditory-motor learning is impaired in both children and adults who stutter","volume":"451","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025040416445049500_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3093","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15175","article-title":"Speech auditory-motor adaptation to formant-shifted feedback lacks an explicit component: Reduced adaptation in adults who stutter reflects limitations in implicit sensorimotor learning","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040416445049500_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2004.08.001","article-title":"The impact of stuttering on employment opportunities and job performance","volume":"29","author":"Klein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040416445049500_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2004.10.001","article-title":"Life experiences of people who stutter, and the perceived impact of stuttering on quality of life: Personal accounts of South African individuals","volume":"29","author":"Klompas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.04.008","article-title":"Stuttering and gray matter morphometry: A population-based neuroimaging study in young children","volume":"194","author":"Koenraads","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 118736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118736","article-title":"Fluency shaping increases integration of the command-to-execution and the auditory-to-motor pathways in persistent developmental stuttering","volume":"245","author":"Korzeczek","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025040416445049500_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3118","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-S-17-0081","article-title":"Neural indices of semantic processing in early childhood distinguish eventual stuttering persistence and recovery","volume":"60","author":"Kreidler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 6590","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06590","article-title":"Basal ganglia function, stuttering, sequencing, and repair in adult songbirds","volume":"4","author":"Kubikova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 106242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2022.106242","article-title":"Stuttering interventions for children, adolescents, and adults: A systematic review as a part of clinical guidelines","volume":"99","author":"Laiho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025040416445049500_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0512-x","article-title":"Comparative genetic architectures of schizophrenia in East Asian and European populations","volume":"51","author":"Lam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025040416445049500_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/jhg.2009.60","article-title":"Association between dopaminergic genes (SLC6A3 and DRD2) and stuttering among Han Chinese","volume":"54","author":"Lan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Human Genetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15761\/CMR.1000107","article-title":"rTMS high frequency on the left pars operculo-orbicularis combined with orthophony improves stuttering","volume":"2","author":"Le Guilloux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical and Medical Reports"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025040416445049500_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3973","article-title":"Genome-wide association analysis identifies 30 new susceptibility loci for schizophrenia","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"issue":"S3","key":"2025040416445049500_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S233","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1284H","article-title":"Supporting self-management in children and adolescents with complex chronic conditions","volume":"141","author":"Lozano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-017-0013-8","article-title":"Association analysis in over 329,000 individuals identifies 116 independent variants influencing neuroticism","volume":"50","author":"Luciano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2012\/11-0184)","article-title":"Influences of sentence length and syntactic complexity on the speech motor control of children who stutter","volume":"56","author":"MacPherson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 598949","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.598949","article-title":"Investigation of risperidone treatment associated with enhanced brain activity in patients who stutter","volume":"15","author":"Maguire","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib117","volume-title":"Clinical decision making in fluency disorders","author":"Manning","year":"2017","edition":"4th ed."},{"issue":"12","key":"2025040416445049500_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.11.026","article-title":"A genetic investigation of sex bias in the prevalence of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"83","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8S","key":"2025040416445049500_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_JSLHR-S-CSMC7-18-0358","article-title":"Limited pre-speech auditory modulation in individuals who stutter: Data and hypotheses","volume":"62","author":"Max","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"Spring","key":"2025040416445049500_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1044\/cicsd_31_S_105","article-title":"Unstable or insufficiently activated internal models and feedback-biased motor control as sources of dysfluency: A theoretical model of stuttering","volume":"31","author":"Max","year":"2004","journal-title":"Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040416445049500_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.01.011","article-title":"A single case report of a patient with stuttering who improved after open label TMS","volume":"12","author":"Mej\u00edas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411429458","article-title":"The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions: Four general conclusions","volume":"21","author":"Miyake","year":"2012","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 105907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2022.105907","article-title":"Investigation of the effect of delayed auditory feedback and transcranial direct current stimulation (DAF-tDCS) treatment for the enhancement of speech fluency in adults who stutter: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"72","author":"Moein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2017.09.004","article-title":"Sex steroid hormones and sex hormone binding globulin levels, CYP17 MSP AI (\u221234T:C) and CYP19 codon 39 (Trp:Arg) variants in children with developmental stuttering","volume":"175","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 28","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-015-9124-7","article-title":"Neural systems mediating processing of sound units of language distinguish recovery versus persistence in stuttering","volume":"7","author":"Mohan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025040416445049500_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.04.030","article-title":"Plasticity of stereotyped birdsong driven by chronic manipulation of cortical-basal ganglia activity","volume":"31","author":"Moorman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025040416445049500_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5086","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad314","article-title":"Stuttering associated with a pathogenic variant in the chaperone protein cyclophilin 40","volume":"146","author":"Morgan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx316","article-title":"Structural connectivity of right frontal hyperactive areas scales with stuttering severity","volume":"141","author":"Neef","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025040416445049500_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-015-0579-4","article-title":"The neurobiological grounding of persistent stuttering: From structure to function","volume":"15","author":"Neef","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040416445049500_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article e3002492","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002492","article-title":"Knowns and unknowns about the neurobiology of stuttering","volume":"22","author":"Neef","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Biology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025040416445049500_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3357","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25853","article-title":"White matter tract strength correlates with therapy outcome in persistent developmental stuttering","volume":"43","author":"Neef","year":"2022","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2017.09.003","article-title":"Assisted and unassisted recession of functional anomalies associated with dysprosody in adults who stutter","volume":"55","author":"Neumann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2004.12.002","article-title":"Cortical plasticity associated with stuttering therapy","volume":"30","author":"Neumann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib134","article-title":"Stuttering: Our current knowledge, research opportunities, and ways to address critical gaps","volume-title":"Scientific workshop and meeting reports","author":"[NIDCD] National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_LSHSS-17-0066","article-title":"Stuttering in preschool children: Direct versus indirect treatment","volume":"49","author":"Nippold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040416445049500_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12785","article-title":"Lidcombe Program translation to community clinics in Australia and England","volume":"58","author":"O\u2019Brian","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025040416445049500_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_JSLHR-S-17-0372","article-title":"Short-term memory, inhibition, and attention in developmental stuttering: A meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Ofoe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.8.1.69","article-title":"Genetic and environmental influences on stuttering and tics in Japanese twin children","volume":"8","author":"Ooki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Twin Research and Human Genetics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040416445049500_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1162\/nol_a_00138","article-title":"Reactive inhibitory control precedes overt stuttering events","volume":"5","author":"Orpella","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Language"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 1017319","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1017319","article-title":"Cognitive flexibility in younger and older children who stutter","volume":"13","author":"Paphiti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 991138","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.991138","article-title":"Complex response inhibition and cognitive flexibility in school-aged Cypriot-Greek-speaking children who stutter","volume":"13","author":"Paphiti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib142","first-page":"2825","article-title":"Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python","volume":"12","author":"Pedregosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-062111-150525","article-title":"The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after","volume":"35","author":"Petersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 100073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xhgg.2021.100073","article-title":"Population-based genetic effects for developmental stuttering","volume":"3","author":"Polikowsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"HGG Advances"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040416445049500_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3603.472","article-title":"The covert repair hypothesis: Prearticulatory repair processes in normal and stuttered disfluencies","volume":"36","author":"Postma","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Speech & Hearing Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040416445049500_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00376-8","article-title":"Evidence for compensation for stuttering by the right frontal operculum","volume":"20","author":"Preibisch","year":"2003","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 105847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2021.105847","article-title":"Identifying developmental stuttering and associated comorbidities in electronic health records and creating a phenome risk classifier","volume":"68","author":"Pruett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040416445049500_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1265755","article-title":"Empathy: Perhaps the most important E in EBP","volume":"31","author":"Quesal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Seminars in Speech and Language"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040416445049500_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/jdn.10089","article-title":"Animal models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"81","author":"Rahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040416445049500_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2011.12.003","article-title":"Genetic and environmental effects on stuttering: A twin study from Finland","volume":"37","author":"Rautakoski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025040416445049500_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2015.10.007","article-title":"Association between rare variants in AP4E1, a component of intracellular trafficking, and persistent stuttering","volume":"97","author":"Raza","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_LSHSS-22-00026","article-title":"Ableism to empowerment: Navigating school structures when working with students who stutter","volume":"54","author":"Reeves","year":"2023","journal-title":"Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib153","volume-title":"Go-to guide: Getting started with school-age stuttering therapy","author":"Reeves","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 105456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2021.105456","article-title":"A novel role for the ADHD risk gene latrophilin-3 in learning and memory in Lphn3 knockout rats","volume":"158","author":"Regan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Disease"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040416445049500_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-3067","article-title":"Natural history of stuttering to 4 years of age: A prospective community-based study","volume":"132","author":"Reilly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-3219","article-title":"Predicting stuttering onset by the age of 3 years: A prospective, community cohort study","volume":"123","author":"Reilly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib157","volume-title":"Stuttering Severity Instrument\u20134 (SSI-4)","author":"Riley","year":"2009"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040416445049500_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4504.504","article-title":"Motoric and linguistic variables among children who stutter: A factor analysis","volume":"45","author":"Riley","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 2244","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02244","article-title":"Temperament, executive functioning, and anxiety in school-age children who stutter","volume":"10","author":"Rocha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 106139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106139","article-title":"Temperament is linked to avoidant responses to stuttering anticipation","volume":"93","author":"Rodgers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(99)00058-5","article-title":"Behavioral validation of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) as an animal model of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (AD\/HD)","volume":"24","author":"Sagvolden","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040416445049500_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2006.06.003","article-title":"Reaction to background stimulation of preschool children who do and do not stutter","volume":"40","author":"Schwenk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040416445049500_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2007.07.001","article-title":"Subtyping stuttering II: Contributions from language and temperament","volume":"32","author":"Seery","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025040416445049500_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2021.11.004","article-title":"Phenome risk classification enables phenotypic imputation and gene discovery in developmental stuttering","volume":"108","author":"Shaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 100116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crneur.2023.100116","article-title":"Stuttering as a spectrum disorder: A hypothesis","volume":"5","author":"SheikhBahaei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Current Research in Neurobiology"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 106014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2023.106014","article-title":"Contemporary clinical conversations about stuttering: Neurodiversity and ableism","volume":"78","author":"Shenker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 848696","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.848696","article-title":"The directionality of the relationship between executive functions and language skills: A literature review","volume":"13","author":"Shokrkon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025040416445049500_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_JSLHR-20-00096","article-title":"Clinical characteristics associated with stuttering persistence: A meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Singer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_JSLHR-21-00162","article-title":"Predicting persistent developmental stuttering using a cumulative risk approach","volume":"65","author":"Singer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025040416445049500_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0343","article-title":"How stuttering develops: The multifactorial dynamic pathways theory","volume":"60","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2014.06.001","article-title":"Preschool speech articulation and nonword repetition abilities may help predict eventual recovery or persistence of stuttering","volume":"41","author":"Spencer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040416445049500_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2005.09.004","article-title":"Treatment with medications affecting dopaminergic and serotonergic mechanisms: Effects on fluency and anxiety in persons who stutter","volume":"30","author":"Stager","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2015.12.002","article-title":"Parent verbal contingencies during the Lidcombe Program: Observations and statistical modeling of the treatment process","volume":"47","author":"Swift","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 104862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2020.104862","article-title":"Neuronavigated rTMS inhibition of right pars triangularis anterior in stuttering: Differential effects on reading and speaking","volume":"210","author":"Tezel-Bayraktaroglu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040416445049500_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_JSLHR-21-00342","article-title":"A point of view about fluency","volume":"65","author":"Tichenor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025040416445049500_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3290","DOI":"10.1044\/2023_JSLHR-23-00147","article-title":"Repetitive negative thinking in adolescents who stutter","volume":"66","author":"Tichenor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025040416445049500_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1044\/2023_AJSLP-23-00007","article-title":"Understanding the broader impact of stuttering: Suicidal ideation","volume":"32","author":"Tichenor","year":"2023","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025040416445049500_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_JSLHR-21-00467","article-title":"Emotional regulation and its influence on the experience of stuttering across the life span","volume":"65","author":"Tichenor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025040416445049500_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4335","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_JSLHR-19-00138","article-title":"Group experiences and individual differences in stuttering","volume":"62","author":"Tichenor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025040416445049500_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4356","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_JSLHR-19-00137","article-title":"Stuttering as defined by adults who stutter","volume":"62","author":"Tichenor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_AJSLP-19-00077","article-title":"Repetitive negative thinking, temperament, and adverse impact in adults who stutter","volume":"29","author":"Tichenor","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_AJSLP-20-00112","article-title":"Variability of stuttering: Behavior and impact","volume":"30","author":"Tichenor","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.01.024","article-title":"Effect of an 8-week practice of externally triggered speech on basal ganglia activity of stuttering and fluent speakers","volume":"109","author":"Toyomura","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 104970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2021.104970","article-title":"Dopamine, vocalization, and astrocytes","volume":"219","author":"Turk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040416445049500_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-017-0009-4","article-title":"Multi-trait analysis of genome-wide association summary statistics using MTAG","volume":"50","author":"Turley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"issue":"6220","key":"2025040416445049500_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 1260419","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260419","article-title":"Tissue-based map of the human proteome","volume":"347","author":"Uhl\u00e9n","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib187","article-title":"Research strategies","author":"University of Delaware Neurobiology of Speech and Language Lab","year":"2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_JSLHR-S-15-0367","article-title":"A lag in speech motor coordination during sentence production is associated with stuttering persistence in young children","volume":"60","author":"Usler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 4","DOI":"10.1186\/1866-1955-7-4","article-title":"Neurodevelopment for syntactic processing distinguishes childhood stuttering recovery versus persistence","volume":"7","author":"Usler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040416445049500_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2009\/08-0202)","article-title":"Bivariate genetic analyses of stuttering and nonfluency in a large sample of 5-year-old twins","volume":"53","author":"van Beijsterveldt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040416445049500_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2008\/07-0019)","article-title":"What do people who stutter want\u2014Fluency or freedom?","volume":"52","author":"Venkatagiri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025040416445049500_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_JSLHR-19-00395","article-title":"Disfluency characteristics of 4- and 5-year-old children who stutter and their relationship to stuttering persistence and recovery","volume":"63","author":"Walsh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025040416445049500_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_JSLHR-21-00034","article-title":"Exploring relationships among risk factors for persistence in early childhood stuttering","volume":"64","author":"Walsh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 27","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-015-9123-8","article-title":"Speech motor planning and execution deficits in early childhood stuttering","volume":"7","author":"Walsh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040416445049500_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1667159","article-title":"What are predictors for persistence in childhood stuttering?","volume":"39","author":"Walsh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Seminars in Speech and Language"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 100","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-021-01173-5","article-title":"A scoping review of de-implementation frameworks and models","volume":"16","author":"Walsh-Bailey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Implementation Science"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 105823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105823","article-title":"Evaluating three stuttering assessments through network analysis, random forests, and cluster analysis","volume":"67","author":"Ward","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407794-2.00079-1","article-title":"The neurobiology of developmental stuttering","volume-title":"Neurobiology of language","author":"Watkins","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2015.03.008","article-title":"Evidence for a rhythm perception deficit in children who stutter","volume":"144","author":"Wieland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040416445049500_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12796","article-title":"Online cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation to the right homologue of Broca\u2019s area improves speech fluency in people who stutter","volume":"73","author":"Yada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040416445049500_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2007.04.001","article-title":"Subtyping stuttering I: A review","volume":"32","author":"Yairi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib202","volume-title":"Early childhood stuttering for clinicians by clinicians","author":"Yairi","year":"2005"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040416445049500_bib203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3904.771","article-title":"Genetics of stuttering: A critical review","volume":"39","author":"Yairi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040416445049500_bib204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-730X(97)00009-0","article-title":"Clinical implications of situational variability in preschool children who stutter","volume":"22","author":"Yaruss","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040416445049500_bib205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9924(03)00052-2","article-title":"Stuttering and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF): An update","volume":"37","author":"Yaruss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040416445049500_bib206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2006.02.002","article-title":"Overall Assessment of the Speaker\u2019s Experience of Stuttering (OASES): Documenting multiple outcomes in stuttering treatment","volume":"31","author":"Yaruss","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"2025040416445049500_bib207","volume-title":"Overall Assessment of the Speaker\u2019s Experience of Stuttering (OASES)","author":"Yaruss","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040416445049500_bib208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-730X(02)00142-0","article-title":"National Stuttering Association members\u2019 opinions about stuttering treatment","volume":"27","author":"Yaruss","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025040416445049500_bib209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7610","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01245-4","article-title":"Brain mapping across 16 autism mouse models reveals a spectrum of functional connectivity subtypes","volume":"26","author":"Zerbi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025040416445049500_bib210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0516-6","article-title":"Genome-wide association analysis of 19,629 individuals identifies variants influencing regional brain volumes and refines their genetic co-architecture with cognitive and mental health traits","volume":"51","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"}],"container-title":["Neurobiology of Language"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/nol\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/nol_a_00162\/2501372\/nol_a_00162.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/nol\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/nol_a_00162\/2501372\/nol_a_00162.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T16:49:28Z","timestamp":1743785368000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/nol\/article\/doi\/10.1162\/nol_a_00162\/127873\/Stuttering-Our-Current-Knowledge-Research"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":210,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/nol_a_00162","relation":{},"ISSN":["2641-4368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2641-4368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"nol_a_00162"}}