{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T18:02:58Z","timestamp":1789581778383,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MIT Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":258,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research","award":["24H00718"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24H00718"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The global social situation changed dramatically after the COVID-19 pandemic, with various activities being shifted online. Some academic activities, including those for young children, are still conducted virtually. The transition introduced various challenges regarding academic honestly. However, whether young children engage in more academic cheating in online (vs. offline) settings remains unclear. Accordingly, this study examines this aspect, as well as how such behavior can be mitigated. We conducted two experimental studies with five-year-olds (N = 148), using a between-subjects design to examine children\u2019s newly developed visual perspective-taking of proctors and their cheating behavior across offline, online, and two intervention conditions. In Study 1 (n = 74), we used the cost-benefit framework to investigate whether children would cheat more in online settings where proctors\u2019 visual access is limited and the perceived costs of detection are consequently reduced. The visual perspective-taking task confirmed that most children recognized the limitations of online proctoring and were more likely to cheat online than offline. In Study 2 (n = 74), we used the Objective Self-Awareness theory to investigate whether real-time self-images would enhance self-awareness and reduce cheating compared to an avatar condition in which a human-like character tracked participants\u2019 movements with a 2-second delay. Real-time self-images significantly reduced cheating in planned comparisons with both the online condition in Study 1 and an avatar control condition, though the omnibus test was marginally significant. Thus, young children are more likely to cheat online, where monitoring is limited, and fostering self-focused visual attention can reduce such dishonest behavior. These findings highlight the developmental foundations of online academic cheating and offer actionable strategies for improving young children\u2019s online learning environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/opmi.a.381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:25:51Z","timestamp":1789579551000},"page":"1507-1524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Online Academic Cheating in Young Children and its Prevention"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6348-4986","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Minori","family":"Onishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Osaka, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0636-1619","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Kanakogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Osaka, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091613254570200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2017.2656064","article-title":"Automated online exam proctoring","volume":"19","author":"Atoum","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"2026091613254570200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/01466216241248826","article-title":"Test security and the pandemic: Comparison of test center and online proctor delivery modalities","volume":"49","author":"Becker","year":"2025","journal-title":"Applied Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"2026091613254570200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2017.12.001","article-title":"Mirror, mirror on the wall: Increasing young children\u2019s honesty through inducing self-awareness","volume":"167","author":"Bender","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"2026091613254570200_bib4","unstructured":"Children and Families Agency, Government of Japan. 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