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We also assess the role of language access by comparing early word production in children learning English or American Sign Language (ASL) from birth, versus at a delay. Using parental report data on child word production from the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory, we found evidence that while children produced words referring to imperceptible referents before age 2, such words were less likely to be produced relative to words with perceptible referents. For instance, blind (vs. sighted) children said fewer highly visual words like \u201cblue\u201d or \u201csee\u201d; deaf signing (vs. hearing) children produced fewer auditory signs like hear. Additionally, in spoken English and ASL, children who received delayed language access were less likely to produce words overall. These results demonstrate and begin to quantify how linguistic and sensory access may influence which words young children produce.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/opmi_a_00197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T17:53:36Z","timestamp":1744134816000},"page":"475-500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Early Production of Imperceptible Words by Infants and Toddlers Born Deaf or Blind"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8770-2317","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Erin E.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wheelock College of Education & Human Development, Boston University, Boston, MA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, 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