{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T15:40:13Z","timestamp":1764603613524,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MIT Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":125,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Adolescence is a period of escalated rates of risk taking and a dynamic social landscape with peers taking on an important role in shaping one\u2019s decisions. Choosing to engage in risk rarely impacts only the decision maker, but also those around them. With a cohort of typically developing adolescent and young adult friend dyads (N = 128, 11\u201322 years), the current study investigates how peer-relevant social contexts influence risk preferences at different ages using a computational decision making task. We adapted a computational expected utility model to account for weighing the friend\u2019s outcome as part of one\u2019s utility calculation when deciding between assigning the risky option to oneself or one\u2019s friend. Compared to participants\u2019 baseline risk preferences absent of any friend involvement, we found age-related changes in risk taking when the preferred option can only be assigned to oneself or one\u2019s friend but not to both. Exploratory, data-driven analyses using behavioral measures and the computationally derived risk preference parameter revealed that overall, early adolescence is a period in which individuals assigned more weight to their friends\u2019 outcomes and were willing to forego personal benefits to a greater extent. Active observation by friends had no additional, age-dependent impact on participants\u2019 risky choices. These results indicate early adolescence to be a period of sensitivity to social contexts evoking prosocial gestures that are costly to oneself.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/opmi_a_00201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T16:01:33Z","timestamp":1746547293000},"page":"540-558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Social Contexts Requiring Adjudication between Self- and Peer-Interest Differentially Alter Risk Preferences Across Adolescence"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yelina Yiyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Harvard University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gail M.","family":"Rosenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, New York University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoxue","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Harvard University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Flournoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Harvard University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianxiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Harvard University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Cegarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Harvard University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deanna A.","family":"Youssoufian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Harvard University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melanie J.","family":"Grad-Freilich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Harvard University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurel E.","family":"Kordyban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Harvard University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Mair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Harvard University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leah H.","family":"Somerville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Harvard University"},{"name":"Center for Brain Science, Harvard University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120110303874500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721412471347","article-title":"The teenage brain: Peer influences on adolescent decision making","volume":"22","author":"Albert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120110303874500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0262.00302","article-title":"Giving according to GARP: An experimental test of the consistency of preferences for altruism","volume":"70","author":"Andreoni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025120110303874500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-006-9075-0","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 time use: Effects on substance use, delinquency and sexual activity","volume":"36","author":"Barnes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120110303874500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721417738144","article-title":"Avoiding social risk in adolescence","volume":"27","author":"Blakemore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"2025120110303874500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010213-115202","article-title":"Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing?","volume":"65","author":"Blakemore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2025120110303874500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2016.1158265","article-title":"Dealing with uncertainty: Testing risk- and ambiguity-attitude across adolescence","volume":"41","author":"Blankenstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Developmental Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120110303874500_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2006.05.002","article-title":"The development of risk-taking: A multi-perspective review","volume":"26","author":"Boyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Developmental Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120110303874500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12717","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12717","article-title":"Developmental patterns of change in the influence of safe and risky peer choices on risky decision-making","volume":"22","author":"Braams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"2025120110303874500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471726746.ch12","volume-title":"Adolescents\u2019 Relationships with Peers","author":"Brown","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120110303874500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2010.00712.x","article-title":"Braking and accelerating of the adolescent brain","volume":"21","author":"Casey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescence"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120110303874500_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016128","article-title":"Age differences in affective decision making as indexed by performance on the Iowa Gambling Task","volume":"46","author":"Cauffman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"volume-title":"pwr: Basic functions for power analysis","year":"2020","author":"Champely","key":"2025120110303874500_bib12"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120110303874500_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2010.01035.x","article-title":"Peers increase adolescent risk taking by enhancing activity in the brain\u2019s reward circuitry","volume":"14","author":"Chein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025120110303874500_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4022","article-title":"Social signals of safety and risk confer utility and have asymmetric effects on observers\u2019 choices","volume":"18","author":"Chung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025120110303874500_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2021.09.020","article-title":"Prosocial development in adolescence","volume":"44","author":"Crone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025120110303874500_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3313","article-title":"Understanding adolescence as a period of social\u2013affective engagement and goal flexibility","volume":"13","author":"Crone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120110303874500_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038088","article-title":"A meta-analysis on age differences in risky decision making: Adolescents versus children and adults","volume":"141","author":"Defoe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120110303874500_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/2372732218801037","article-title":"Heightened adolescent risk-taking? Insights from lab studies on age differences in decision-making","volume":"6","author":"Defoe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"2025120110303874500_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2016.11.008","article-title":"But is helping you worth the risk? Defining Prosocial Risk Taking in adolescence","volume":"25","author":"Do","year":"2017","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025120110303874500_bib20","unstructured":"Eaton, D. K., Kann, L., Kinchen, S., Shanklin, S., Ross, J., Hawkins, J., Harris, W. A., Lowry, R., McManus, T., Chyen, D., Lim, C., Whittle, L., Brener, N. D., & Wechsler, H. (2010). Youth risk behavior surveillance\u2014United States, 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Surveillance Summaries, 59(SS-5), 1\u2013141, https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/42568322."},{"issue":"26","key":"2025120110303874500_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9045","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0610-12.2012","article-title":"Social network modulation of reward-related signals","volume":"32","author":"Fareri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120110303874500_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1162\/003355399556151","article-title":"A theory of fairness, competition, and cooperation","volume":"114","author":"Fehr","year":"1999","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120110303874500_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014983","article-title":"Affective and deliberative processes in risky choice: Age differences in risk taking in the columbia card task","volume":"35","author":"Figner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120110303874500_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2006.00579.x","article-title":"Risk-taking and the adolescent brain: Who is at risk?","volume":"10","author":"Galvan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120110303874500_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.41.4.625","article-title":"Peer influence on risk taking, risk preference, and risky decision making in adolescence and adulthood: An experimental study","volume":"41","author":"Gardner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"37","key":"2025120110303874500_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12394","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1600-14.2014","article-title":"Neuroanatomy predicts individual risk attitudes","volume":"34","author":"Gilaie-Dotan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120110303874500_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.8.4.348","article-title":"Understanding risk: A guide for the perplexed","volume":"8","author":"Glimcher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025120110303874500_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00291","article-title":"Sharing and giving across adolescence: An experimental study examining the development of prosocial behavior","volume":"5","author":"G\u00fcro\u011flu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120110303874500_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11010006","article-title":"Striatal functional alteration during incentive anticipation in pediatric anxiety disorders","volume":"169","author":"Guyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025120110303874500_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2015.09.004","article-title":"The neuroscience of adolescent decision-making","volume":"5","author":"Hartley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120110303874500_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1177013604","article-title":"Generalized additive models","volume":"1","author":"Hastie","year":"1986","journal-title":"Statistical Science"},{"key":"2025120110303874500_bib32","volume-title":"Generalized additive models","author":"Hastie","year":"1990","edition":"1st ed."},{"key":"2025120110303874500_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2019.01.008","article-title":"Rewarding safe choices in peer contexts: Adolescent brain activity during decision making","volume":"142","author":"Hinnant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120110303874500_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00188","article-title":"The development of judgment and decision making during childhood and adolescence","volume":"11","author":"Jacobs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120110303874500_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2307\/1914185","article-title":"Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk","volume":"47","author":"Kahneman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025120110303874500_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615569578","article-title":"Social influence on risk perception during adolescence","volume":"26","author":"Knoll","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120110303874500_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12235","article-title":"Time with peers from middle childhood to late adolescence: Developmental course and adjustment correlates","volume":"85","author":"Lam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"41","key":"2025120110303874500_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14693","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2218-11.2011","article-title":"Comparing apples and oranges: Using reward-specific and reward-general subjective value representation in the brain","volume":"31","author":"Levy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025120110303874500_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3724","DOI":"10.3791\/3724","article-title":"Measuring the subjective value of risky and ambiguous options using experimental economics and functional MRI methods","volume":"67","author":"Levy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Visualized Experiments"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120110303874500_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00853.2009","article-title":"Neural representation of subjective value under risk and ambiguity","volume":"103","author":"Levy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2025120110303874500_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2019.100732","article-title":"Disentangling the systems contributing to changes in learning during adolescence","volume":"41","author":"Master","year":"2020","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120110303874500_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704003915","article-title":"The social re-orientation of adolescence: A neuroscience perspective on the process and its relation to psychopathology","volume":"35","author":"Nelson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025120110303874500_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13791","article-title":"Flexibility in valenced reinforcement learning computations across development","volume":"93","author":"Nussenbaum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2025120110303874500_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00424","article-title":"Fairness considerations when i know more than you do: Developmental comparisons","volume":"3","author":"Overgaauw","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120110303874500_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2062","article-title":"Risky business: The neuroeconomics of decision making under uncertainty","volume":"11","author":"Platt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"2025120110303874500_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000382","article-title":"Effects of peer observation on risky decision-making in adolescence: A meta-analytic review","volume":"148","author":"Powers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025120110303874500_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000389","article-title":"Consequences for peers differentially bias computations about risk across development","volume":"147","author":"Powers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120110303874500_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2307\/1911160","article-title":"Proper risk aversion","volume":"55","author":"Pratt","year":"1987","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120110303874500_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.64.2.243","article-title":"Pluralistic ignorance and alcohol use on campus: Some consequences of misperceiving the social norm","volume":"64","author":"Prentice","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"50","key":"2025120110303874500_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13158","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1712398114","article-title":"Development of self-protective biases in response to social evaluative feedback","volume":"114","author":"Rodman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2025120110303874500_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2017.09.003","article-title":"The influences of described and experienced information on adolescent risky decision making","volume":"47","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Developmental Review"},{"key":"2025120110303874500_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"chpsy0310","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470147658.chpsy0310","article-title":"Peer interactions, relationships, and groups","volume-title":"Handbook of child psychology","author":"Rubin","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120110303874500_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsr044","article-title":"Peer acceptance and rejection through the eyes of youth: Pupillary, eyetracking and ecological data from the Chatroom Interact task","volume":"7","author":"Silk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"},{"volume-title":"gratia: Graceful ggplot-based graphics and other functions for GAMs fitted using mgcv","year":"2022","author":"Simpson","key":"2025120110303874500_bib54"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120110303874500_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/17470919.2014.944316","article-title":"Social closeness and feedback modulate susceptibility to the framing effect","volume":"10","author":"Sip","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025120110303874500_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2014.08.010","article-title":"Age differences in the impact of peers on adolescents\u2019 and adults\u2019 neural response to reward","volume":"11","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120110303874500_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721413476512","article-title":"The teenage brain: Sensitivity to social evaluation","volume":"22","author":"Somerville","year":"2013","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025120110303874500_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613475633","article-title":"The medial prefrontal cortex and the emergence of self-conscious emotion in adolescence","volume":"24","author":"Somerville","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120110303874500_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(00)00014-2","article-title":"The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations","volume":"24","author":"Spear","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025120110303874500_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.12.027","article-title":"Impulse control and underlying functions of the left DLPFC mediate age-related and age-independent individual differences in strategic social behavior","volume":"73","author":"Steinbeis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120110303874500_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2007.08.002","article-title":"A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking","volume":"28","author":"Steinberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Developmental Review"},{"key":"2025120110303874500_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.83","article-title":"Adolescent development","volume":"52","author":"Steinberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120110303874500_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2023.11.001","article-title":"The developmental timing but not magnitude of adolescent risk-taking propensity is consistent across social, environmental, and psychological factors","volume":"74","author":"Tervo-Clemmens","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120110303874500_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00122574","article-title":"Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty","volume":"5","author":"Tversky","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Risk and Uncertainty"},{"issue":"42","key":"2025120110303874500_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17135","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1207144109","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 risk-taking behavior is driven by tolerance to ambiguity","volume":"109","author":"Tymula","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120110303874500_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610391102","article-title":"Changing brains, changing perspectives: The neurocognitive development of reciprocity","volume":"22","author":"van den Bos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120110303874500_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12265","article-title":"Hanging out with the right crowd: Peer influence on risk-taking behavior in adolescence","volume":"27","author":"Van Hoorn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescence"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120110303874500_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/87565640701884287","article-title":"A developmental study of risky decisions on the cake gambling task: Age and gender analyses of probability estimation and reward evaluation","volume":"33","author":"Van Leijenhorst","year":"2008","journal-title":"Developmental Neuropsychology"},{"volume-title":"itsadug: Interpreting time series and autocorrelated data using GAMMs","year":"2022","author":"van Rij","key":"2025120110303874500_bib69"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120110303874500_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.111.2.430","article-title":"Predicting risk sensitivity in humans and lower animals: Risk as variance or coefficient of variation","volume":"111","author":"Weber","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120110303874500_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-023-00783-w","article-title":"Goal-directed learning in adolescence: Neurocognitive development and contextual influences","volume":"25","author":"Wilbrecht","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120110303874500_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9868.00374","article-title":"Thin plate regression splines","volume":"65","author":"Wood","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology)"},{"issue":"467","key":"2025120110303874500_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1198\/016214504000000980","article-title":"Stable and efficient multiple smoothing parameter estimation for generalized additive models","volume":"99","author":"Wood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120110303874500_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2010.00749.x","article-title":"Fast stable restricted maximum likelihood and marginal likelihood estimation of semiparametric generalized linear models","volume":"73","author":"Wood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology)"},{"key":"2025120110303874500_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315370279","volume-title":"Generalized additive models: An introduction with R, second edition","author":"Wood","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Open Mind"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/opmi\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/opmi_a_00201\/2521631\/opmi_a_00201.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/opmi\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/opmi_a_00201\/2521631\/opmi_a_00201.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T15:30:43Z","timestamp":1764603043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/opmi\/article\/doi\/10.1162\/opmi_a_00201\/130654\/Social-Contexts-Requiring-Adjudication-between"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":75,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/opmi_a_00201","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-2986"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2470-2986"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}