{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T23:06:09Z","timestamp":1789686369978,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"MIT Press","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Debates over return-to-office mandates have intensified since the COVID-19 pandemic ended, though their economic implications remain poorly understood. Using large-scale resume data, we analyze how these policies affect employee tenure and seniority at three large U.S. tech companies: Microsoft, SpaceX, and Apple. Employing a distributional synthetic controls framework, we estimate a reduction in tenure and seniority at firms returning to the office. We extend the framework with a functional bootstrap procedure and prove its validity for constructing uniform confidence bands. Return-to-office mandates appear to drive senior employees away, posing a risk to firm productivity and innovation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.a.1866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:45:14Z","timestamp":1789685114000},"page":"1-45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Return to Office and the Tenure Distribution"],"prefix":"10.1162","author":[{"given":"David Van","family":"Dijcke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Gunsilius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Emory University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Austin","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harris School of Public Policy, University of Chicago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"container-title":["Review of Economics and Statistics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/rest\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/REST.a.1866\/2626417\/rest.a.1866.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/rest\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/REST.a.1866\/2626417\/rest.a.1866.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:45:14Z","timestamp":1789685114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/rest\/article\/doi\/10.1162\/REST.a.1866\/138884\/Return-to-Office-and-the-Tenure-Distribution"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/rest.a.1866","relation":{},"ISSN":["0034-6535","1530-9142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0034-6535","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-9142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]}}}