{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T12:27:08Z","timestamp":1771331228475,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This paper analyzes the effect of incarceration on mortality using administrative data from Ohio between 1992 and 2017. We first document that long-run survival is higher among the incarcerated than similar nonincarcerated defendants. Using event study designs centered around the time of release, we show why: mortality risk halves during the period of incarceration, with large reductions in murders, overdoses, and natural causes of death. However, incarceration does not increase postrelease mortality, and so the overall effect is increased longevity. These estimates reflect the high-risk environment faced by defendants when not incarcerated and suggest noncarceral policies to reduce these risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_01224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T17:15:16Z","timestamp":1659028516000},"page":"956-973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Effect of Incarceration on Mortality"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"Norris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Pecenco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025022820564318300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3386\/w26095","article-title":"The Impacts of Physician Payments on Patient Access, Use, and Health","author":"Alexander","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025022820564318300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1086\/426036","article-title":"Selection on Observed and Unobserved Variables: Assessing the Effectiveness of Catholic Schools","volume":"113","author":"Altonji","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025022820564318300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdt046","article-title":"Do Firms Want to Borrow More? Testing Credit Constraints Using a Directed Lending Program","volume":"81","author":"Banerjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025022820564318300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0281-z","article-title":"Tobacco Smoking and All-Cause Mortality in a Large Australian Cohort Study: Findings from a Mature Epidemic with Current Low Smoking Prevalence","volume":"13","author":"Banks","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025022820564318300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1086\/684582","article-title":"Adapting to Climate Change: The Remarkable Decline in the US Temperature-Mortality Relationship over the Twentieth Century","volume":"124","author":"Barreca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025022820564318300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2009.124.1.105","article-title":"Building Criminal Capital Behind Bars: Peer Effects in Juvenile Corrections","volume":"124","author":"Bayer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"2025022820564318300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3970489","article-title":"Prison, Mental Health and Family Spillovers","author":"Bhuller","year":"2021"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025022820564318300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-159-9-201311050-00005","article-title":"Mortality after Prison Release: Opioid Overdose and Other Causes of Death, Risk Factors, and Time Trends from 1999 to 2009","volume":"159","author":"Binswanger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025022820564318300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa064115","article-title":"Release from Prison\u2014A High Risk of Death for Former Inmates","volume":"356","author":"Binswanger","year":"2007","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"2025022820564318300_bib10","article-title":"Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2001\u20132016","author":"Bureau of Justice Statistics","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025022820564318300_bib11","article-title":"Prisoners in 2016","author":"Carson","year":"2018"},{"issue":"49","key":"2025022820564318300_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15078","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1518393112","article-title":"Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife among White Non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st Century","volume":"112","author":"Case","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025022820564318300_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.6.2087","article-title":"The Effect of Education on Adult Mortality and Health: Evidence from Britain","volume":"103","author":"Clark","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025022820564318300_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2009.10.003","article-title":"Understanding Differences in Health Behaviors by Education","volume":"29","author":"Cutler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Health Economics"},{"key":"2025022820564318300_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-020-00869-5","article-title":"The Consequences of Incarceration for Mortality in the United States","volume":"57","author":"Daza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"2025022820564318300_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20181169","article-title":"Two-Way Fixed Effects Estimators with Heterogeneous Treatment Effects","volume":"110","author":"de Chaisemartin","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025022820564318300_bib17","first-page":"659","article-title":"Extreme Weather Events, Mortality, and Migration","volume":"91","author":"Deschenes","year":"2009"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025022820564318300_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjs020","article-title":"The Oregon Health Insurance Experiment: Evidence from the First Year","volume":"127","author":"Finkelstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"2025022820564318300_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3386\/w26533","article-title":"Health Insurance and Mortality: Experimental Evidence from Taxpayer Outreach","author":"Goldin","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025022820564318300_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3386\/w25018","article-title":"Difference-in-Differences with Variation in Treatment Timing","author":"Goodman-Bacon","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025022820564318300_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181c1ea43","article-title":"The Hazards of Hazard Ratios","volume":"21","author":"Hern\u00e1n","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2025022820564318300_bib22","article-title":"The Health Effects of Prison","author":"Hjalmarsson","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025022820564318300_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1086\/597102","article-title":"The Effects of Male Incarceration Dynamics on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Infection Rates among African American Women and Men","volume":"52","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Law and Economics"},{"key":"2025022820564318300_bib24","article-title":"Correctional Populations in the United States, 2016","author":"Kaeble","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025022820564318300_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjs052","article-title":"How Should Inmates Be Released from Prison? An Assessment of Parole Versus Fixed-Sentence Regimes","volume":"128","author":"Kuziemko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025022820564318300_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/0034-6527.00329","article-title":"The Relationship between Education and Adult Mortality in the United States","volume":"72","author":"Lleras-Muney","year":"2005","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"key":"2025022820564318300_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-073014-112326","article-title":"Incarceration and Health","volume":"41","author":"Massoglia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025022820564318300_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20140039","article-title":"Legal Status and the Criminal Activity of Immigrants","volume":"7","author":"Mastrobuoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Economic Journal: Applied Economics"},{"key":"2025022820564318300_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3386\/w26081","article-title":"Medicaid and Mortality: New Evidence from Linked Survey and Administrative Data","author":"Miller","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025022820564318300_bib30","article-title":"The Criminal and Labor Market Impacts of Incarceration","author":"Mueller-Smith","year":"2015"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025022820564318300_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-016-0493-7","article-title":"Geographic Variation in the Cumulative Risk of Imprisonment and Parental Imprisonment in the United States","volume":"53","author":"Muller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"2025022820564318300_bib32","article-title":"Underlying Cause of Death 1999\u20132018","author":"National Center for Health Statistics","year":"2020"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025022820564318300_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2926","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20190415","article-title":"The Effects of Parental and Sibling Incarceration: Evidence from Ohio","volume":"111","author":"Norris","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025022820564318300_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.2656","article-title":"Simultaneous Confidence Bands: Theory, Implementation, and an Application to SVARs","volume":"34","author":"Olea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Econometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025022820564318300_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/07350015.2016.1227711","article-title":"Unobservable Selection and Coefficient Stability: Theory and Evidence","volume":"37","author":"Oster","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Business & Economic Statistics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025022820564318300_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.0.0123","article-title":"Incarcerating Death: Mortality in US State Correctional Facilities, 1985\u20131998","volume":"47","author":"Patterson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"2025022820564318300_bib37","article-title":"State of Recidivism: The Revolving Door of America\u2019s Prisons","author":"Pew","year":"2011"},{"key":"2025022820564318300_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3386\/w22849","article-title":"Trade Liberalization and Mortality: Evidence from US Counties","author":"Pierce","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025022820564318300_bib39","article-title":"New Estimates of the Incapacitation and Criminogenic Effects of Prison","author":"Rose","year":"2019"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025022820564318300_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.121855","article-title":"All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality among Men Released from State Prison, 1980\u20132005","volume":"98","author":"Rosen","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025022820564318300_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2011.04.007","article-title":"All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality among Black and White North Carolina State Prisoners, 1995\u20132005","volume":"21","author":"Rosen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annals of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025022820564318300_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1162\/003355300554872","article-title":"Are Recessions Good for Your Health?","volume":"115","author":"Ruhm","year":"2000","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025022820564318300_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq422","article-title":"Prisoner Survival Inside and Outside of the Institution: Implications for Health-Care Planning","volume":"173","author":"Spaulding","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"2025022820564318300_bib44","article-title":"Criminal Justice Policy and Planning Division Research Unit Update","author":"State of Connecticut","year":"2019"},{"issue":"14","key":"2025022820564318300_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1267","article-title":"Why Test for Proportional Hazards?","volume":"323","author":"Stensrud","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025022820564318300_bib46","first-page":"824","article-title":"Breaking Bad: Mechanisms of Social Influence and the Path to Criminality in Juvenile Jails","volume":"99","author":"Stevenson","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025022820564318300_bib47a","author":"U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics","journal-title":"National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort, 1997\u20132017 (rounds 1\u201318)"},{"key":"2025022820564318300_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2015.12.002","article-title":"Mortality among White, Black, and Hispanic Male and Female State Prisoners, 2001\u20132009","volume":"2","author":"Wildeman","year":"2016","journal-title":"SSM-Population Health"},{"issue":"10077","key":"2025022820564318300_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30259-3","article-title":"Mass Incarceration, Public Health, and Widening Inequality in the USA","volume":"389","author":"Wildeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025022820564318300_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.144279","article-title":"The Health and Health Care of US Prisoners: Results of a Nationwide Survey","volume":"99","author":"Wilper","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"}],"container-title":["Review of Economics and Statistics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/rest\/article-pdf\/106\/4\/956\/2457328\/rest_a_01224.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/rest\/article-pdf\/106\/4\/956\/2457328\/rest_a_01224.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T20:56:53Z","timestamp":1740776213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/rest\/article\/106\/4\/956\/112435\/The-Effect-of-Incarceration-on-Mortality"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/rest_a_01224","relation":{},"ISSN":["0034-6535","1530-9142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0034-6535","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-9142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}}}