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To illustrate, I analyze the impact of alternative sentences (fines and community service versus no punishment) on recidivism in Brazil, where court appeals processes generate misclassification. The estimated misclassification bias may be as large as 10% of the largest possible MTE, and the bounds contain the correctly estimated MTE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_01372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T13:19:23Z","timestamp":1697030363000},"page":"44-56","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Crime and Mismeasured Punishment: Marginal Treatment Effect with Misclassification"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Vitor","family":"Possebom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo School of Economics\u2013FGV"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026011318104780100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1177\/0019793917726981","article-title":"To the New World and Back Again: Return Migrants in the Age of Mass Migration","volume":"72","author":"Abramitzky","year":"2019","journal-title":"ILR Review"},{"key":"2026011318104780100_bib2","article-title":"Local Average and Marginal Treatment Effects with a Misclassified Treatment","author":"Acerenza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Econometrics"},{"key":"2026011318104780100_bib3","article-title":"Displacement, Diversity, and Mobility: Career Impacts of Japanese American Internment","author":"Arellano-Bover","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026011318104780100_bib4","article-title":"Parental Incarceration and Children's Educational Attainment","volume":"105","author":"Arteaga","year":"2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026011318104780100_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1086\/705330","article-title":"Incaceration, Recidivism, and Employment","volume":"128","author":"Bhuller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"issue":"463","key":"2026011318104780100_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1198\/016214503000000369","article-title":"Measurement of Higher Education in the Census and Current Population Survey","volume":"98","author":"Black","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"2026011318104780100_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.1016\/S1573-4412(01)05012-7","article-title":"Measurement Error in Survey Data","volume-title":"Handbook of Econometrics","author":"Bound","year":"2001"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026011318104780100_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v091.i08","article-title":"nprobust: Nonparametric Kernel-Based Estimation and Robust Bias-Corrected Inference","volume":"91","author":"Calonico","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026011318104780100_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07350015.2021.1970573","article-title":"LATE with Missing or Mismeasured Treatment","volume":"40","author":"Calvi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Business and Economic Statistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011318104780100_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266466615000390","article-title":"Instrumental Variables Methods with Heterogeneity and Mismeasured Instruments","volume":"33","author":"Chalak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Econometric Theory"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011318104780100_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/rssb.12348","article-title":"Making Sense of Sensitivity: Extending Omitted Variable Bias","volume":"82","author":"Cinelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026011318104780100_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1086\/699979","article-title":"Who Benefits from Universal Child Care? 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