{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T14:27:42Z","timestamp":1766068062798,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Science Foundation (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/MHC-PCN\/0101\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/MHC-PCN\/0101\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005032","name":"BIAL Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BIAL 146\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIAL 146\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Voices carry a vast amount of information about speakers (e.g., emotional state; spatial location). Neuroimaging studies postulate that spatial (\u201cwhere\u201d) and emotional (\u201cwhat\u201d) cues are processed by partially independent processing streams. Although behavioral evidence reveals interactions between emotion and space, the temporal dynamics of these processes in the brain and its modulation by attention remain unknown. We investigated whether and how spatial and emotional features interact during voice processing as a function of attention focus. Spatialized nonverbal vocalizations differing in valence (neutral, amusement, anger) were presented at different locations around the head, whereas listeners discriminated either the spatial location or emotional quality of the voice. Neural activity was measured with ERPs of the EEG. Affective ratings were collected at the end of the EEG session. Emotional vocalizations elicited decreased N1 but increased P2 and late positive potential amplitudes. Interactions of space and emotion occurred at the salience detection stage: neutral vocalizations presented at right (vs. left) locations elicited increased P2 amplitudes, but no such differences were observed for emotional vocalizations. When task instructions involved emotion categorization, the P2 was increased for vocalizations presented at front (vs. back) locations. Behaviorally, only valence and arousal ratings showed emotion\u2013space interactions. These findings suggest that emotional representations are activated earlier than spatial representations in voice processing. The perceptual prioritization of emotional cues occurred irrespective of task instructions but was not paralleled by an augmented stimulus representation in space. These findings support the differential responding to emotional information by auditory processing pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T15:27:29Z","timestamp":1727710049000},"page":"239-265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["<i>What<\/i> Is Faster than <i>Where<\/i> in Vocal Emotional Perception"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8053-7964","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sara","family":"Temudo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lisbon"}]},{"given":"Ana P.","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lisbon"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14608","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0510480103","article-title":"Task-modulated \u201cwhat\u201d and \u201cwhere\u201d pathways in human auditory cortex","volume":"103","author":"Ahveninen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12301","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.211209098","article-title":"\u201cWhat\u201d and \u201cwhere\u201d in the human auditory system","volume":"98","author":"Alain","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2018.1452718","article-title":"Is the sunny side up and the dark side down? Effects of stimulus type and valence on a spatial detection task","volume":"33","author":"Amorim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0903","article-title":"Evidence for dissociation of spatial and nonspatial auditory information processing","volume":"14","author":"Anourova","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0903","article-title":"Attentional and emotional prioritization of the sounds occurring outside the visual field","volume":"15","author":"Asutay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2009.06.004","article-title":"Looming sounds as warning signals: The function of motion cues","volume":"74","author":"Bach","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.01.008","article-title":"Thinking the voice: Neural correlates of voice perception","volume":"8","author":"Belin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.3758\/brm.40.2.531","article-title":"The Montreal Affective Voices: A validated set of nonverbal affect bursts for research on auditory affective processing","volume":"40","author":"Belin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.12.058","article-title":"When a bang makes you run away: Spatial avoidance of threatening environmental sounds","volume":"535","author":"Bertels","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.01.026","article-title":"Location-independent and location-linked representations of sound objects","volume":"73","author":"Bourquin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(94)90063-9","article-title":"Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential","volume":"25","author":"Bradley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsy100","article-title":"Early spatial attention deployment toward and away from aggressive voices","volume":"14","author":"Burra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0186-0","article-title":"MorePower 6.0 for ANOVA with relational confidence intervals and Bayesian analysis","volume":"44","author":"Campbell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib15","first-page":"95","article-title":"Invent\u00e1rio de Sintomas Psicopatol\u00f3gicos [Brief Symptoms Inventory]: BSI","volume-title":"Testes e provas psicol\u00f3gicas em Portugal: Vol. II","author":"Canavarro","year":"1999"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00216","article-title":"Modulation of auditory spatial attention by angry prosody: An fMRI auditory dot-probe study","volume":"10","author":"Ceravolo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsw004","article-title":"Proximal vocal threat recruits the right voice-sensitive auditory cortex","volume":"11","author":"Ceravolo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/s0028-3932(99)00141-4","article-title":"Auditory agnosia and auditory spatial deficits following left hemispheric lesions: Evidence for distinct processing pathways","volume":"38","author":"Clarke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.02.016","article-title":"The time course of emotional authenticity detection in nonverbal vocalizations","volume":"151","author":"Conde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5003779","article-title":"Localization of complex sounds is modulated by behavioral relevance and sound category","volume":"142","author":"Derey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2017.04.009","article-title":"Emotional processing is enhanced in peri-hand space","volume":"165","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.05.002","article-title":"The sound of emotions\u2014Towards a unifying neural network perspective of affective sound processing","volume":"68","author":"Fr\u00fchholz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-14-14","article-title":"Is the processing of affective prosody influenced by spatial attention? An ERP study","volume":"14","author":"G\u00e4deke","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(83)90135-9","article-title":"A new method for off-line removal of ocular artifact","volume":"55","author":"Gratton","year":"1983","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164334","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1164334","article-title":"Emotional sounds in space: Asymmetrical representation within early-stage auditory areas","volume":"17","author":"Grisendi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10156","article-title":"Different areas of human non-primary auditory cortex are activated by sounds with spatial and nonspatial properties","volume":"21","author":"Hart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00734","article-title":"Selective attention modulates early human evoked potentials during emotional face-voice processing","volume":"27","author":"Ho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsl027","article-title":"The voice of emotion: An FMRI study of neural responses to angry and happy vocal expressions","volume":"1","author":"Johnstone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.5.770","article-title":"Communication of emotions in vocal expression and music performance: Different channels, same code?","volume":"129","author":"Juslin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.02.044","article-title":"Concreteness in emotional words: ERP evidence from a hemifield study","volume":"1148","author":"Kanske","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.03.016","article-title":"Sound localization difficulty affects early and late processing of auditory spatial information: Investigation using the dipole tracing method","volume":"121","author":"Koiwa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs359","article-title":"Auditory spatial attention representations in the human cerebral cortex","volume":"24","author":"Kong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-818X.2010.00267.x","article-title":"Emotion, language, and the brain","volume":"5","author":"Kotz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Language and Linguistics Compass"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.051","article-title":"Emotion modulates activity in the \u201cwhat\u201d but not \u201cwhere\u201d auditory processing pathway","volume":"82","author":"Kryklywy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25146","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025146","article-title":"When and where of auditory spatial processing in cortex: A novel approach using electrotomography","volume":"6","author":"Lewald","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-013-0324-3","article-title":"When voices get emotional: A corpus of nonverbal vocalizations for research on emotion processing","volume":"45","author":"Lima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e32834ea757","article-title":"Electrophysiological insights into processing nonverbal emotional vocalizations","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib36","first-page":"1","article-title":"An introduction to event-related potentials and their neural origins","volume-title":"An introduction to the event-related potential technique","author":"Luck","year":"2005"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0888","article-title":"Distinct pathways involved in sound recognition and localization: A human fMRI study","volume":"14","author":"Maeder","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.20344\/amp.10650","article-title":"Validation of the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) among university students","volume":"32","author":"Mostardinha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Medica Portuguesa"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","article-title":"The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh Inventory","volume":"9","author":"Oldfield","year":"1971","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00345","article-title":"Valence, arousal, and task effects in emotional prosody processing","volume":"4","author":"Paulmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e3282f454db","article-title":"Early emotional prosody perception based on different speaker voices","volume":"19","author":"Paulmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17694","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017694","article-title":"Emotional speech perception unfolding in time: The role of the basal ganglia","volume":"6","author":"Paulmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073920954288","article-title":"Comment: The next frontier: Prosody research gets interpersonal","volume":"13","author":"Pell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emotion Review"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2015.08.008","article-title":"Preferential decoding of emotion from human non-linguistic vocalizations versus speech prosody","volume":"111","author":"Pell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2017.09.012","article-title":"Laughter catches attention!","volume":"130","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsv103","article-title":"Salience in a social landscape: Electrophysiological effects of task-irrelevant and infrequent vocal change","volume":"11","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2019.1586647","article-title":"Spatial location and emotion modulate voice perception","volume":"33","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2015.12.003","article-title":"Did you or I say pretty, rude or brief? An ERP study of the effects of speaker's identity on emotional word processing","volume":"153\u2013154","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.10.006","article-title":"Attention and emotion shape self-voice prioritization in speech processing","volume":"158","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.11.009","article-title":"Beyond the right hemisphere: Brain mechanisms mediating vocal emotional processing","volume":"10","author":"Schirmer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2008.06.003","article-title":"Neural processing of vocal emotion and identity","volume":"69","author":"Spreckelmeyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain and Cognition"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018423","article-title":"When room size matters: Acoustic influences on emotional responses to sounds","volume":"10","author":"Tajadura-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.134.3.383","article-title":"Not all emotions are created equal: The negativity bias in social-emotional development","volume":"134","author":"Vaish","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.04.009","article-title":"A close look into the near\/far space division: A real-distance ERP study","volume":"59","author":"Vald\u00e9s-Conroy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e32833ab89e","article-title":"The late positive potential and explicit versus implicit processing of facial valence","volume":"21","author":"Van Strien","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10919-017-0253-4","article-title":"What is the melody of that voice? Probing unbiased recognition accuracy with the Montreal affective voices","volume":"41","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Nonverbal Behavior"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99479","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099479","article-title":"The mechanism of valence-space metaphors: ERP evidence for affective word processing","volume":"9","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025012115460655200_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.09.026","article-title":"Testing the dual-pathway model for auditory processing in human cortex","volume":"124","author":"Z\u00fcndorf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/37\/2\/239\/2472543\/jocn_a_02251.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/37\/2\/239\/2472543\/jocn_a_02251.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T16:09:42Z","timestamp":1737475782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/37\/2\/239\/124618\/What-Is-Faster-than-Where-in-Vocal-Emotional"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_02251","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0898-929X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1530-8898"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}