{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T19:38:17Z","timestamp":1776109097186,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MIT Press","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The sense of presence is an important aspect of experiences in Virtual Reality (VR), an emerging technology in education, leading this construct to be increasingly researched in parallel to learning purposes. However, there is not a consensus in the literature on the outcomes of this association. Aiming to outline a panorama in this regard, a systematic literature review was conducted, with a comprehensive analysis of 140 primary studies recovered from five worldwide databases. The analysis shows an overview of 24 years of areas, factors, and methodological approaches that seem to be more inclined to benefit from the sense of presence toward learning purposes. We contribute to the advancement of state of the art by providing an understanding of the relationship among these variables, identifying potential ways to benefit from the sense of presence to further leverage the use of VR for learning purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/pres_a_00350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T18:40:13Z","timestamp":1647542413000},"page":"247-265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["What Is the Relationship between the Sense of Presence and Learning in Virtual Reality? A 24-Year Systematic Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Aliane\u00a0Loureiro","family":"Krassmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Federal Farroupilha Science and Technology Farroupilha Santiago do Chile Av, 195 \u2013 Zip Code 97050-685 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul Brazil"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Darque","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maximino","family":"Bessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Magda","family":"Bercht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, Brazil"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023051519501316700_B1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Learning in virtual reality: Effects on performance, emotion and engagement","author":"Allcoat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Research in Learning Technology"},{"key":"2023051519501316700_B2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Taxonomy of educational objectives","author":"Bloom","year":"1956"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023051519501316700_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-006-0019-5","article-title":"Subjective performance","volume":"9","author":"Bormann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023051519501316700_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/15213269.2015.1015740","article-title":"How immersive is enough? A meta-analysis of the effect of immersive technology on user presence","volume":"19","author":"Cummings","year":"2016","journal-title":"Media Psychology"},{"key":"2023051519501316700_B5","first-page":"608","article-title":"Immersive learning explored: Subjective and objective factors influencing learning outcomes in immersive educational virtual environments","volume-title":"IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering","author":"Dengel","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023051519501316700_B6","first-page":"163","article-title":"Immersive learning predicted: Presence, prior knowledge, and school performance influence learning outcomes in immersive educational virtual environments","volume-title":"6th International Conference of the Immersive Learning Research Network","author":"Dengel","year":"2020"},{"issue":"133","key":"2023051519501316700_B7","first-page":"10","article-title":"A literature review on immersive virtual reality in education: State of the art and perspectives","volume":"1","author":"Freina","year":"2015","journal-title":"The International Scientific Conference Elearning and Software for Education"},{"key":"2023051519501316700_B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.03.017","article-title":"Virtual worlds: A new environment for constructionist learning","volume":"99","author":"Girvan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"2023051519501316700_B9","first-page":"11","article-title":"The use of virtual reality alone does not promote training performance (but sense of presence does)","author":"Grassini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2023051519501316700_B10","article-title":"The usage of presence measurements in research: A review","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the International Society for Presence Research","author":"Hein","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023051519501316700_B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-018-9764-y","article-title":"Investigating potential relationships between adolescents\u2019 cognitive development and perceptions of presence in 3-D, haptic-enabled, virtual reality science instruction","volume":"28","author":"Hite","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Science Education and Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023051519501316700_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-017-9676-0","article-title":"A review of the use of virtual reality head-mounted displays in education and training","volume":"23","author":"Jensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"2023051519501316700_B13a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-017-9676-0","article-title":"Persuasive effects of immersion in virtual environments for measuring pro-environmental behaviors","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction","author":"Khashe","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023051519501316700_B13","unstructured":"Kitchenham, B.\n           (2004). Procedures for performing systematic reviews. Keele University, Keele, UK and National ICT Australia, 33. 10.1.1.122.3308"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023051519501316700_B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-018-0364-1","article-title":"Verification of the possibility and effectiveness of experiential learning using HMD-based immersive VR technologies","volume":"23","author":"Kwon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023051519501316700_B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00302.x","article-title":"Presence, explicated","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Communication Theory"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023051519501316700_B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1162\/105474601300343612","article-title":"A cross-media presence questionnaire: The ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory","volume":"10","author":"Lessiter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"key":"2023051519501316700_B17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Measuring presence: The temple presence inventory","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Workshop on Presence","author":"Lombard","year":"2009"},{"key":"2023051519501316700_B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2017.06.015","article-title":"\u201cBeing there\u201d and remembering it: Presence improves memory encoding","volume":"53","author":"Makowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023051519501316700_B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327590IJHC1201_1","article-title":"A review of presence and performance in virtual environments","volume":"12","author":"Nash","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023051519501316700_B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.28945\/1000","article-title":"Teaching in virtual worlds: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"5","author":"Riley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Setting Knowledge Free: The Journal of Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology"},{"key":"2023051519501316700_B21","first-page":"141","article-title":"Neurocognition, presence and acceptance of a VR programme for psychotic patients: A correlational study","volume":"191","author":"Rus-Calafell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023051519501316700_B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1997.6.6.603","article-title":"A framework for immersive virtual environments (FIVE): Speculations on the role of presence in virtual environments","volume":"6","author":"Slater","year":"1997","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023051519501316700_B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1162\/105474698565767","article-title":"Human factors issues in virtual environments: A review of the literature","volume":"7","author":"Stanney","year":"1998","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023051519501316700_B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00812.x","article-title":"Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining telepresence","volume":"42","author":"Steuer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Communication"},{"key":"2023051519501316700_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.12.005","article-title":"The effects of 3D multi-user virtual environments on freshmen university students\u2019 conceptual and spatial learning and presence in departmental orientation","volume":"94","author":"T\u00fcz\u00fcn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"2023051519501316700_B26","unstructured":"United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)\n          . (2011). ISCED, The International Standard Classification of Education. http:\/\/uis.unesco.org\/en\/topic\/international-standard-classification-education-isced."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023051519501316700_B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1162\/105474698565686","article-title":"Measuring presence in virtual environments: A presence questionnaire","volume":"7","author":"Witmer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"}],"container-title":["PRESENCE: Virtual and Augmented Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/pvar\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/pres_a_00350\/2097309\/pres_a_00350.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/pvar\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/pres_a_00350\/2097309\/pres_a_00350.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T19:51:32Z","timestamp":1684180292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/pvar\/article\/doi\/10.1162\/pres_a_00350\/109997\/What-Is-the-Relationship-between-the-Sense-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"references-count":28,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/pres_a_00350","relation":{},"ISSN":["1531-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1531-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]}}}