{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T07:26:02Z","timestamp":1787037962582,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Folia Primatol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The study of sleeping site selection in primates is fundamental to the development of appropriate conservation strategies. Here we present data on the characteristics and usage of sleeping sites of the northern sportive lemurs (\n                    <jats:italic>Lepilemur septentrionalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) at Montagne des Fran\u00e7ais, Madagascar. The study was conducted on three individuals over a period of seven months from December 2018 to June 2019. The research objective is to describe the sleeping site characteristics and usage patterns of\n                    <jats:italic>L. septentrionalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the dry forest of Montagne des Fran\u00e7ais. The northern sportive lemurs in this study used three types of sleeping sites: tree holes, vine tangles, and branches. Among the tree species used as sleeping sites by\n                    <jats:italic>L. septentrionalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Strychnos madagascariensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    was used most frequently, and most of these sleeping sites were food trees. We most often observed\n                    <jats:italic>L. septentrionalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    using tall trees with large diameters at breast height. Tree holes are generally found in living trees rather than in dead or partially dead trees. We observed a significant difference in the frequency of sleeping sites reuse, with repeated use of tree holes being particularly noticeable. There is no variation in distance between the different types of sleeping sites and the first or last feeding trees. The results of this study suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>L. septentrionalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    depends primarily on large trees with tree holes. The reuse of sleeping sites may serve as a strategy for predator avoidance or for easy access to food resources, while the use of food trees as sleeping sites may be a strategy to reduce the cost of travel to access food resources. Sampling efforts must be considered to better understand the sleeping sites selection preferences of this species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1163\/14219980-bja10091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T06:47:52Z","timestamp":1787035672000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characteristics and usage of sleeping sites of the northern sportive lemurs (Lepilemur septentrionalis) at Montagne des Fran\u00e7ais, Madagascar"],"prefix":"10.1163","author":[{"given":"Lucile","family":"Rasoamazava","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Doctorale sur les Ecosyst\u00e8mes Naturels, https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/119027University of Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy\u00a0M.","family":"Sefczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Global Integrative Studies, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ando\u00a0N.","family":"Rakotonanahary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de Technologies et de l\u2019Environnement, https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/119027University of Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar"},{"name":"Madagascar Biodiversity Partnership NGO (MBP), Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solofonirina","family":"Rasoloharijaona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Doctorale sur les Ecosyst\u00e8mes Naturels, https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/119027University of Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de Technologies et de l\u2019Environnement, https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/119027University of Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward\u00a0E.","family":"Louis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Madagascar Biodiversity Partnership NGO (MBP), Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"R000001","series-title":"Behaviour","first-page":"227","article-title":"Observational study of behavior: sampling methods","volume":"49","author":"Altmann\u00a0J","unstructured":"Altmann\u00a0J (1974). Observational study of behavior: sampling methods. Behaviour 49: 227\u2013267."},{"key":"R000002","series-title":"American Journal of Primatology","first-page":"63","article-title":"Sleep, Sleeping Sites, and Sleep-Related Activities: Awakening to Their Significance","volume":"46","author":"Anderson\u00a0JR","unstructured":"Anderson\u00a0JR (1998). Sleep, Sleeping Sites, and Sleep-Related Activities: Awakening to Their Significance. American Journal of Primatology 46: 63\u201375."},{"key":"R000003","series-title":"Sleep Medicine Reviews","first-page":"55","article-title":"Sleep-related behavioural adaptations in free-ranging anthropoid primates","volume":"4","author":"Anderson\u00a0JR","unstructured":"Anderson\u00a0JR (2000). Sleep-related behavioural adaptations in free-ranging anthropoid primates. 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Primate Conservation 34: 53\u201359."},{"key":"R000008","series-title":"American Journal of Primatology","article-title":"The role of sleeping sites in the predator-prey dynamics of leopards and olive baboons","volume":"80","author":"Bidner\u00a0LR","unstructured":"Bidner\u00a0LR, Matsumoto-Oda\u00a0A, Isbell\u00a0LA (2018). The role of sleeping sites in the predator-prey dynamics of leopards and olive baboons. American Journal of Primatology 80: e22932."},{"key":"R000009","series-title":"Folia Primatologica","first-page":"89","article-title":"Tree hole utilisation by the hairy-eared dwarf lemur (Allocebus trichotis) in Analamazaotra Special Reserve","volume":"80","author":"Biebouw\u00a0K","unstructured":"Biebouw\u00a0K, Simon Bearder\u00a0SK, Nekaris KAI (2009). Tree hole utilisation by the hairy-eared dwarf lemur (Allocebus trichotis) in Analamazaotra Special Reserve. Folia Primatologica 80: 89\u2013103."},{"key":"R000010","series-title":"Herpetological Conservation and Biology","first-page":"87","article-title":"The first comprehensive survey of amphibians and reptiles at Montagne des Francais, Madagascar","volume":"2","author":"D\u2019Cruze\u00a0N","unstructured":"D\u2019Cruze\u00a0N, Sabel\u00a0J, Green\u00a0K, Dawson\u00a0J, Gardner\u00a0C, Robinson\u00a0J, Starkie\u00a0G, Vences\u00a0M, Glaw\u00a0F (2007). The first comprehensive survey of amphibians and reptiles at Montagne des Francais, Madagascar. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 2: 87\u201399."},{"key":"R000011","series-title":"American Journal of Primatology","first-page":"257","article-title":"Sleeping site preference in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus)","volume":"50","author":"Di Bitetti\u00a0MS","unstructured":"Di Bitetti\u00a0MS, Vidal EML, Baldovino\u00a0MC, Benesovsky\u00a0V (2000). Sleeping site preference in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus). American Journal of Primatology 50: 257\u2013274."},{"key":"R000012","series-title":"Primate Conservation","first-page":"73","article-title":"Variation in habitat and behavior of the Northeren Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur Septentrionalis) at Montagne des Fran\u00e7ais, Madagascar","volume":"30","author":"Dinsmore\u00a0MP","unstructured":"Dinsmore\u00a0MP, Louis Jr\u00a0EE, Randriamahazomanana\u00a0D, Hachim\u00a0A, Zaonarivelo\u00a0JR, Strier\u00a0KB (2016). Variation in habitat and behavior of the Northeren Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur Septentrionalis) at Montagne des Fran\u00e7ais, Madagascar. Primate Conservation 30: 73\u201388."},{"key":"R000013","series-title":"American Journal of Primatology","article-title":"The influence of seasonality, anthropogenic disturbances, and cyclonic activity on the behavior of northern sportive lemurs (Lepilemur septentrionalis) at Montagne des Fran\u00e7ais, Madagascar","volume":"83","author":"Dinsmore\u00a0MP","unstructured":"Dinsmore\u00a0MP, Strier\u00a0KB, Louis Jr\u00a0EE (2021a). The influence of seasonality, anthropogenic disturbances, and cyclonic activity on the behavior of northern sportive lemurs (Lepilemur septentrionalis) at Montagne des Fran\u00e7ais, Madagascar. American Journal of Primatology 83: e23333."},{"key":"R000014","series-title":"Primate Conservation","first-page":"125","article-title":"Anthropogenic disturbances and deforestation of Northern Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur septentrionalis) Habitat at Montagne des Fran\u00e7ais, Madagascar","volume":"35","author":"Dinsmore\u00a0MP","unstructured":"Dinsmore\u00a0MP, Strier\u00a0KB, Louis Jr\u00a0EE (2021b). Anthropogenic disturbances and deforestation of Northern Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur septentrionalis) Habitat at Montagne des Fran\u00e7ais, Madagascar. Primate Conservation 35: 125\u2013138."},{"key":"R000015","series-title":"Primates","first-page":"167","article-title":"Unusual sleep site selection by southern bamboo lemurs","volume":"57","author":"Eppley\u00a0TM","unstructured":"Eppley\u00a0TM, Donati\u00a0G, Ganzhorn\u00a0JU (2016). Unusual sleep site selection by southern bamboo lemurs. Primates 57: 167\u2013173."},{"key":"R000016","series-title":"American Journal of Primatology","first-page":"1127","article-title":"Sleeping site selection by proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) in west Kalimantan, Indonesia","volume":"76","author":"Feilen\u00a0KL","unstructured":"Feilen\u00a0KL, Marshall\u00a0AJ (2014). Sleeping site selection by proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) in west Kalimantan, Indonesia. American Journal of Primatology 76: 1127\u20131139."},{"key":"R000017","series-title":"Mammals of Madagascar: a complete guide","author":"Garbutt\u00a0N","unstructured":"Garbutt\u00a0N (2007). Mammals of Madagascar: a complete guide. New Haven, CT, Yale University Press."},{"key":"R000018","author":"Green\u00a0K","unstructured":"Green\u00a0K, D\u2019Cruze\u00a0N, Robinson\u00a0J, Fanning\u00a0E (2007). Montange des Fran\u00e7ais: biodiversity surveys and conservation evaluation. 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Gland, IUCN."},{"key":"R000021","series-title":"International Journal of Primatology","first-page":"1072","article-title":"Sleeping and Ranging Behavior of the Sambirano Mouse Lemur, Microcebus sambiranensis","volume":"38","author":"Hending\u00a0D","unstructured":"Hending\u00a0D, McCabe\u00a0G, Holderied\u00a0M (2017). Sleeping and Ranging Behavior of the Sambirano Mouse Lemur, Microcebus sambiranensis. International Journal of Primatology 38: 1072\u20131089."},{"key":"R000022","series-title":"American Journal of Primatology","first-page":"7","article-title":"Nests, tree holes, and the evolution of primate life histories","volume":"46","author":"Kappeler\u00a0PM","unstructured":"Kappeler\u00a0PM (1998). Nests, tree holes, and the evolution of primate life histories. American Journal of Primatology 46: 7\u201333."},{"key":"R000023","series-title":"Journal of Mammalogy","first-page":"1344","article-title":"A preliminary investigation of sleeping site selection and sharing by the brown mouse lemur Microcebus rufus during the dry season","volume":"96","author":"Karanewsky\u00a0CJ","unstructured":"Karanewsky\u00a0CJ, Wright\u00a0PC (2015). A preliminary investigation of sleeping site selection and sharing by the brown mouse lemur Microcebus rufus during the dry season. Journal of Mammalogy 96: 1344\u20131351."},{"key":"R000024","series-title":"Journal of Statistical Software","first-page":"1","article-title":"lmerTest Package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models","volume":"82","author":"Kuznetsova\u00a0A","unstructured":"Kuznetsova\u00a0A, Brockhoff\u00a0PB, Christensen RHB (2017). lmerTest Package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models. Journal of Statistical Software 82: 1\u201326."},{"key":"R000025","series-title":"Special Publications of the Museum of Texas Tech University","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nocturnal lemur diversity at Masoala National Park","volume":"53","author":"Lei\u00a0R","unstructured":"Lei\u00a0R, Engberg\u00a0SE, Andriantompohavana\u00a0R, McGuire\u00a0SM, Mittermeier\u00a0RA, Zaonarivelo\u00a0JR, Louis\u00a0EE (2008). Nocturnal lemur diversity at Masoala National Park. Special Publications of the Museum of Texas Tech University 53: 1\u201341."},{"key":"R000026","series-title":"Inte-grative Zoology","first-page":"327","article-title":"Distribution of Sleeping Sites of the Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) in the Samage Forest, China","volume":"8","author":"Li\u00a0D","unstructured":"Li\u00a0D, Grueter\u00a0CC, Ren\u00a0B, Li\u00a0M, Peng\u00a0Z, Wei\u00a0F (2013). Distribution of Sleeping Sites of the Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) in the Samage Forest, China. 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Special Publication of the Museum of Texas Tech University 49: 1\u201347."},{"key":"R000029","series-title":"Primates in peril: The World\u2019s 25 most endangered primates 2022-2023","first-page":"13","article-title":"Lepilemur septentrionalis (Rumpler and Albignac, 1975)","author":"Louis Jr\u00a0EE","unstructured":"Louis Jr\u00a0EE, Bailey\u00a0CA, Frasier\u00a0CL, Wilmet\u00a0L, Andriajaona\u00a0A, Rasoamazava\u00a0L, Rakotomalala\u00a0VF, Dinsmore\u00a0MP, Sefczek\u00a0TM (2022). Lepilemur septentrionalis (Rumpler and Albignac, 1975). In Primates in peril: The World\u2019s 25 most endangered primates 2022-2023 (Mittermeier\u00a0RA, Reuter\u00a0KE, Rylands\u00a0AB, Jerusalinsky\u00a0L, Schwitzer\u00a0C, Strier\u00a0KB, Ratsimbazafy\u00a0J, Humle\u00a0T, eds.), pp.\u00a013\u201314. Washington, DC, IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS) Re:wild."},{"key":"R000030","series-title":"Animal Behaviour","first-page":"1211","article-title":"Resting and nesting in a small mammal: sleeping sites as a limiting resource for female grey mouse lemurs","volume":"79","author":"Lutermann\u00a0H","unstructured":"Lutermann\u00a0H, Verburgt\u00a0L, Rendigs\u00a0A (2010). Resting and nesting in a small mammal: sleeping sites as a limiting resource for female grey mouse lemurs. Animal Behaviour 79: 1211\u20131219."},{"key":"R000031","series-title":"International Journal of Primatology","first-page":"1039","article-title":"The effects of climate seasonality on behav ior and sleeping site choice in Sahamalaza sportive lemurs, Lepilemur sahamalaza","volume":"39","author":"Mandl\u00a0I","unstructured":"Mandl\u00a0I, Holderied\u00a0M, Schwitzer\u00a0C (2018). The effects of climate seasonality on behav ior and sleeping site choice in Sahamalaza sportive lemurs, Lepilemur sahamalaza. International Journal of Primatology 39: 1039\u20131067."},{"key":"R000032","series-title":"International Journal of Primatology","first-page":"915","article-title":"Sleeping site and tree selection by Bale Monkeys (Chlorocebus djamdjamensis) at Kokosa Forest fragment in Southern Ethiopia","volume":"42","author":"Mekonnen\u00a0A","unstructured":"Mekonnen\u00a0A, Fashing\u00a0PJ, Venkataraman\u00a0VV, Chapman\u00a0CA, Stenseth\u00a0NC, Hernandez-Aguilar\u00a0RA (2021). Sleeping site and tree selection by Bale Monkeys (Chlorocebus djamdjamensis) at Kokosa Forest fragment in Southern Ethiopia. International Journal of Primatology 42: 915\u2013932."},{"key":"R000033","series-title":"Folia Primatologica","first-page":"315","article-title":"Silky Sifakas (Propithecus candidus) Use Sleep Sites for Thermoregulation, Food Access and Predator Avoidance","volume":"92","author":"Mills\u00a0CJ","unstructured":"Mills\u00a0CJ, Nekaris KAI, Campera\u00a0M, Patel\u00a0E (2021). Silky Sifakas (Propithecus candidus) Use Sleep Sites for Thermoregulation, Food Access and Predator Avoidance. Folia Primatologica 92: 315\u2013326."},{"key":"R000034","series-title":"Biological Conservation","first-page":"265","article-title":"The role of nest sites in limiting the numbers of hole-nesting birds: a review","volume":"70","author":"Newton\u00a0I","unstructured":"Newton\u00a0I (1994). The role of nest sites in limiting the numbers of hole-nesting birds: a review. Biological Conservation 70: 265\u2013276."},{"key":"R000035","series-title":"Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology","first-page":"30","article-title":"Malaria infection and host behavior: a comparative study of Neotropical primates","volume":"59","author":"Nunn\u00a0CL","unstructured":"Nunn\u00a0CL, Heymann\u00a0EW (2005). Malaria infection and host behavior: a comparative study of Neotropical primates. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 59: 30\u201337."},{"key":"R000036","series-title":"American Journal of Primatology","first-page":"617","article-title":"Selection of sleeping trees in pileated gibbons (Hylobates pileatus)","volume":"72","author":"Phoonjampa\u00a0R","unstructured":"Phoonjampa\u00a0R, Koenig\u00a0A, Borries\u00a0C, Gale\u00a0GA, Savini\u00a0T (2010). Selection of sleeping trees in pileated gibbons (Hylobates pileatus). American Journal of Primatology 72: 617\u2013625."},{"key":"R000037","series-title":"Primates","first-page":"316","article-title":"Evidence of cave use by savanna chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Fongoli, Senegal: implications for thermoregulatory behavior","volume":"48","author":"Pruetz\u00a0D","unstructured":"Pruetz\u00a0D (2007). Evidence of cave use by savanna chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Fongoli, Senegal: implications for thermoregulatory behavior. Primates 48: 316\u2013319."},{"key":"R000038","series-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","unstructured":"R Core Team (2025). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available at https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"R000039","series-title":"American Journal of Primatology","first-page":"77","article-title":"Sex-specific usage patterns of sleeping sites in grey mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus) in northwestern Madagascar","volume":"46","author":"Radespiel\u00a0U","unstructured":"Radespiel\u00a0U, Cepok\u00a0S, Zietemann\u00a0V, Zimmermann\u00a0E (1998). Sex-specific usage patterns of sleeping sites in grey mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus) in northwestern Madagascar. American Journal of Primatology 46: 77\u201384."},{"key":"R000040","series-title":"American Journal of Primatology","first-page":"139","article-title":"Species-specific usage of sleeping sites in two sympatric mouse lemur species (Microcebus murinus and Microcebus ravelobensis) in northwestern Madagascar","volume":"59","author":"Radespiel\u00a0U","unstructured":"Radespiel\u00a0U, Ehresmann\u00a0P, Zimmermann\u00a0E (2003). Species-specific usage of sleeping sites in two sympatric mouse lemur species (Microcebus murinus and Microcebus ravelobensis) in northwestern Madagascar. American Journal of Primatology 59: 139\u2013151."},{"key":"R000041","series-title":"Folia Primatologica","first-page":"28","article-title":"Characterization of the tree holes used by Lepilemur ruficaudatus in the dry, decid uous forest of Kirindy Mitea National Park","volume":"88","author":"Rakotomalala\u00a0EJ","unstructured":"Rakotomalala\u00a0EJ, Rakotondraparany\u00a0F, Perofsky\u00a0AC, Lewis\u00a0RJ (2017). Characterization of the tree holes used by Lepilemur ruficaudatus in the dry, decid uous forest of Kirindy Mitea National Park. Folia Primatologica 88: 28\u201341."},{"key":"R000042","series-title":"Primate Conservation","first-page":"23","article-title":"Rapid survey and assessment of the northern sportive lemur, Lepilemur septentrionalis, in northern Madagascar","volume":"27","author":"Ranaivoarisoa\u00a0JF","unstructured":"Ranaivoarisoa\u00a0JF, Zaonarivelo\u00a0J, Runhua\u00a0L, Johnson\u00a0SE, Wyman\u00a0T, Mittermeier\u00a0RA, Louis Jr\u00a0EE (2013). Rapid survey and assessment of the northern sportive lemur, Lepilemur septentrionalis, in northern Madagascar. Primate Conservation 27: 23\u201331."},{"key":"R000043","series-title":"Folia Primatologica","first-page":"139","article-title":"Feeding ecology of Lepilemur septentrionalis in the dry forest of Montagne des Fran\u00e7ais, northern Madagascar","volume":"93","author":"Rasoamazava\u00a0L","unstructured":"Rasoamazava\u00a0L, Rakotomalala\u00a0VF, Sefczeck\u00a0TM, Frasier\u00a0CL, Dinsmore\u00a0MP, Rasoloharijaona\u00a0S, Louis Jr\u00a0EE (2022). Feeding ecology of Lepilemur septentrionalis in the dry forest of Montagne des Fran\u00e7ais, northern Madagascar. Folia Primatologica 93: 139\u2013162."},{"key":"R000044","series-title":"American Journal of Primatology","first-page":"251","article-title":"Pair-specific usage of sleeping sites and their implications for social organization in a nocturnal Malagasy primate, the Milne Edwards\u2019 sportive lemur (Lepilemur edwardsi)","volume":"122","author":"Rasoloharijaona\u00a0S","unstructured":"Rasoloharijaona\u00a0S, Rakotosamimanana\u00a0B, Randrianambinina\u00a0B, Zimmermann\u00a0E (2003). Pair-specific usage of sleeping sites and their implications for social organization in a nocturnal Malagasy primate, the Milne Edwards\u2019 sportive lemur (Lepilemur edwardsi). 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