{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T03:41:26Z","timestamp":1776570086907,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Benef. Microbes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This double-blinded randomised controlled trial investigated whether menaquinones (MK) producing probiotics for 12 weeks improve vitamin K status, compared with placebo in 50-75 years old with at least one cardiovascular risk factor. Twenty participants were randomised to either MK-producing probiotics (n\u00a0= 10) or placebo (n\u00a0= 10). Plasma dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated matrix gla protein (dp-ucMGP) concentrations were the primary study outcome and determined at baseline, six and twelve weeks by a chemiluminescent InaKtif MGP assay, and analysed by linear mixed models. Secondary outcomes included serum MK-7 and phylloquinone and stool MK-4 to MK-10 and phylloquinone, assessed by linear regression. Three participants dropped out (two placebo, one intervention). Compliance was high; median 98% [IQR 96-99] and 90% [IQR 74-96] sachets used in intervention vs placebo arm. At 6 weeks, dp-ucMGP was significantly lower in the intervention group (\u221275.69 [95%-CI \u2212128.37; \u221222.92] pmol\/l), but this difference diminished by 12 weeks (\u221238.63 [95%-CI \u221294.49; 16.14] pmol\/l) due to a reduction in the placebo group. Overall, the mean dp-ucMGP change over 12 weeks favoured the intervention (\u221259.89 [95%-CI \u2212110.7; \u22129.187] pmol\/l). Statistically significant differences in secondary outcomes included higher serum MK-7, and faecal MK-6 and MK-7 concentrations in the probiotic vs placebo arm (e.g. 4.41 [95%-CI 2.17; 6.65]\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    g\/L for serum MK-7). No other secondary outcomes differed significantly. MK producing probiotics may enhance vitamin K status in older adults at elevated cardiovascular risk. Larger, longer-term studies are needed to assess functional outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The Netherlands Trial Register: NTR7505, 27-09-2018.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1163\/18762891-bja00117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T03:01:11Z","timestamp":1776567671000},"page":"1-15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A double-blind randomised controlled trial assessing the effect of menaquinone producing probiotics on vitamin K status"],"prefix":"10.1163","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3686-5116","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M.","family":"Muilwijk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Data Science, https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/1209Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Health Behaviours & Chronic Diseases, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Diabetes & Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1851-1488","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"S.","family":"Kremers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Data Science, https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/1209Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Health Behaviours & Chronic Diseases, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Diabetes & Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7867-6957","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"L.J.","family":"Schurgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8474-7975","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M.","family":"Stolaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Winclove BV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3356-6791","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"S.J.L.","family":"Bakker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4181-0937","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J.W.J.","family":"Beulens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Data Science, https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/1209Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Health Behaviours & Chronic Diseases, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Diabetes & Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"R000001","series-title":"British Journal of Nutrition","first-page":"1357","article-title":"The role of menaquinones (vitamin K(2)) in human health","volume":"110","author":"Beulens, J.W.","unstructured":"Beulens, J.W., Booth, S.L., van\u00a0den Heuvel, E.G., Stoecklin, E., Baka, A. and Vermeer, C., 2013. The role of menaquinones (vitamin K(2)) in human health. British Journal of Nutrition 110: 1357-1368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114513001013"},{"key":"R000002","series-title":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","first-page":"191","article-title":"Engineering Lactococcus lactis for increased vitamin K2 production","volume":"8","author":"B\u00f8e, C.A.","unstructured":"B\u00f8e, C.A. and Holo, H., 2020. Engineering Lactococcus lactis for increased vitamin K2 production. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 8: 191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00191"},{"key":"R000003","series-title":"British Journal of Nutrition","first-page":"389","article-title":"Compilation of a provisional UK database for the phylloquinone (vitamin K1) content of foods","volume":"83","author":"Bolton-Smith, C.","unstructured":"Bolton-Smith, C., Price, R.J., Fenton, S.T., Harrington, D.J. and Shearer, M.J., 2000. Compilation of a provisional UK database for the phylloquinone (vitamin K1) content of foods. British Journal of Nutrition 83: 389-399."},{"key":"R000004","series-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","first-page":"512","article-title":"Vitamin K intake and bone mineral density in women and men","volume":"77","author":"Booth, S.L.","unstructured":"Booth, S.L., Broe, K.E., Gagnon, D.R., Tucker, K.L., Hannan, M.T., McLean, R.R., Dawson-Hughes, B., Wilson, P.W., Cupples, L.A. and Kiel, D.P., 2003. Vitamin K intake and bone mineral density in women and men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77: 512-516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/77.2.512"},{"key":"R000005","series-title":"Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation","first-page":"1385","article-title":"Vitamin K2 supplementation in haemodialysis patients: a randomized dose-finding study","volume":"29","author":"Caluwe, R.","unstructured":"Caluwe, R., Vandecasteele, S., Van Vlem, B., Vermeer, C. and De Vriese, A.S., 2014. Vitamin K2 supplementation in haemodialysis patients: a randomized dose-finding study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 29: 1385-1390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gft464"},{"key":"R000006","series-title":"International Dairy Journal","first-page":"1","article-title":"Determination of menaquinone production by Lactococcus spp. and Propionibacteria in cheese","volume":"75","author":"Chollet, M.","unstructured":"Chollet, M., Guggisberg, D., Portmann, R., Risse, M.-C. and Walther, B., 2017. Determination of menaquinone production by Lactococcus spp. and Propionibacteria in cheese. International Dairy Journal 75: 1-9."},{"key":"R000007","series-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology","first-page":"311","article-title":"Quantitative and qualitative measurements of K vitamins in human intestinal contents","volume":"87","author":"Conly, J.M.","unstructured":"Conly, J.M. and Stein, K., 1992. Quantitative and qualitative measurements of K vitamins in human intestinal contents. 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Update of the list of qualified presumption of safety (QPS) recommended microbiological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA 19: Suitability of taxonomic units notified to EFSA until September 2023. EFSA Journal 22: e8517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8517"},{"key":"R000011","series-title":"Blood","first-page":"1798","article-title":"Vitamin K-dependent biosynthesis of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid","volume":"93","author":"Furie, B.","unstructured":"Furie, B., Bouchard, B.A. and Furie, B.C., 1999. Vitamin K-dependent biosynthesis of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. Blood 93: 1798-1808."},{"key":"R000012","series-title":"Journal of Biosciences and Bioengineering","first-page":"464","article-title":"Aerobic culture of Propionibacterium freudenreichii ET-3 can increase production ratio of 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid to menaquinone","volume":"101","author":"Furuichi, K.","unstructured":"Furuichi, K., Hojo, K., Katakura, Y., Ninomiya, K. and Shioya, S., 2006. Aerobic culture of Propionibacterium freudenreichii ET-3 can increase production ratio of 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid to menaquinone. 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