{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T10:23:03Z","timestamp":1787653383620,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Multisens. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fearful faces attract gaze even when they remain \u2018unseen\u2019, suggesting that the oculomotor system prioritizes threat-related facial information in the absence of visual awareness. As congruent voices enhance face perception, we tested whether emotional voices modulate the effects of suppressed fearful and neutral faces on observers\u2019 gaze. Using continuous flash suppression, we suppressed fearful and neutral faces from visual awareness and paired them with either a fearful voice, a neutral voice, or no voice. Concurrently, we tracked eye movements. We verified absence of visual awareness of the face using objective measures (chance performance in face localization and categorization tasks) and subjective measures (reports of zero face visibility). Eye tracking data from trials with successful suppression revealed distinct gaze patterns: Fearful faces attracted gaze regardless of vocal context, confirming that visual threats actively guide the eyes in the absence of awareness. By contrast, unseen neutral faces attracted gaze only when paired with a neutral voice, indicating a form of multisensory enhancement whereby emotionally matching sounds enhance weak visual signals to be prioritized by the oculomotor system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1163\/22134808-bja10203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T03:03:44Z","timestamp":1787281424000},"page":"1-22","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fearful Faces Always Attract Gaze in the Absence of Awareness, but Neutral Faces Only in Combination with a Neutral Voice"],"prefix":"10.1163","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6296-5639","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Junchao","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/27211University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4005-5503","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Badde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/1810Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6516-4637","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Petra","family":"Vetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/27211University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"R000001","series-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci.","first-page":"16","article-title":"A spatially collocated sound thrusts a flash into awareness","volume":"9","author":"Aller, M.","unstructured":"Aller, M., Giani, A., Conrad, V., Watanabe, M. and Noppeney, U. (2015). A spatially collocated sound thrusts a flash into awareness, Front. Integr. Neurosci. 9, 16. DOI:10.3389\/fnint.2015.00016."},{"key":"R000002","series-title":"Psychol. Sci.","first-page":"423","article-title":"Detection of audiovisual speech correspondences without visual awareness","volume":"24","author":"Alsius, A.","unstructured":"Alsius, A. and Munhall, K.\u00a0G. (2013). Detection of audiovisual speech correspondences without visual awareness, Psychol. Sci. 24, 423\u2013431. DOI:10.1177\/0956797612457378."},{"key":"R000003","series-title":"Emotion","first-page":"1244","article-title":"Expectancies influence attention to neutral but not necessarily to threatening stimuli: An fMRI study","volume":"19","author":"Aue, T.","unstructured":"Aue, T., Guex, R., Chauvign\u00e9, L.\u00a0A.\u00a0S., Okon-Singer, H. and Vuilleumier, P. (2019). Expectancies influence attention to neutral but not necessarily to threatening stimuli: An fMRI study, Emotion 19, 1244\u20131258. DOI:10.1037\/emo0000496."},{"key":"R000004","series-title":"Neuron","first-page":"809","article-title":"Integration of Auditory and visual information about objects in superior temporal sulcus","volume":"41","author":"Beauchamp, M.\u00a0S.","unstructured":"Beauchamp, M.\u00a0S., Lee, K.\u00a0E., Argall, B.\u00a0D. and Martin, A. (2004). Integration of Auditory and visual information about objects in superior temporal sulcus, Neuron 41, 809\u2013823. DOI:10.1016\/S0896-6273(04)00070-4."},{"key":"R000005","series-title":"Behav. Res. Methods","first-page":"531","article-title":"The Montreal Affective Voices: a validated set of nonverbal affect bursts for research on auditory affective processing","volume":"40","author":"Belin, P.","unstructured":"Belin, P., Fillion-Bilodeau, S. and Gosselin, F. (2008). The Montreal Affective Voices: a validated set of nonverbal affect bursts for research on auditory affective processing, Behav. Res. Methods 40, 531\u2013539. DOI:10.3758\/BRM.40.2.531."},{"key":"R000006","series-title":"Neuropsychologia","first-page":"58","article-title":"Unseen fearful faces facilitate visual discrimination in the intact field","volume":"128","author":"Bertini, C.","unstructured":"Bertini, C., Cecere, R. and L\u00e0davas, E. (2019). Unseen fearful faces facilitate visual discrimination in the intact field, Neuropsychologia 128, 58\u201364. DOI:10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2017.07.029."},{"key":"R000007","series-title":"Neuropsychologia","first-page":"44","article-title":"Affective blindsight relies on low spatial frequencies","volume":"128","author":"Burra, N.","unstructured":"Burra, N., Hervais-Adelman, A., Celeghin, A., De Gelder, B. and Pegna, A.\u00a0J. (2019). Affective blindsight relies on low spatial frequencies, Neuropsychologia 128, 44\u201349. DOI:10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.009."},{"key":"R000008","series-title":"Cognition","first-page":"389","article-title":"When hearing the bark helps to identify the dog: Semantically-congruent sounds modulate the identification of masked pictures","volume":"114","author":"Chen, Y.-C.","unstructured":"Chen, Y.-C. and Spence, C. (2010). When hearing the bark helps to identify the dog: Semantically-congruent sounds modulate the identification of masked pictures, Cognition 114, 389\u2013404. DOI:10.1016\/j.cognition.2009.10.012."},{"key":"R000009","series-title":"Brain Res.","first-page":"126","article-title":"Audio-visual integration of emotion expression","volume":"1242","author":"Collignon, O.","unstructured":"Collignon, O., Girard, S., Gosselin, F., Roy, S., Saint-Amour, D., Lassonde, M. and Lepore, F. (2008). Audio-visual integration of emotion expression, Brain Res. 1242, 126\u2013135. DOI:10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.04.023."},{"key":"R000010","series-title":"Cogn. Emot.","first-page":"289","article-title":"The perception of emotions by ear and by eye","volume":"14","author":"De Gelder, B.","unstructured":"De Gelder, B. and Vroomen, J. (2000). The perception of emotions by ear and by eye, Cogn. Emot. 14, 289\u2013311. DOI:10.1080\/026999300378824."},{"key":"R000011","series-title":"Sci. Rep.","first-page":"10832","article-title":"Semantic and spatial congruency mould audiovisual integration depending on perceptual awareness","volume":"11","author":"Delong, P.","unstructured":"Delong, P. and Noppeney, U. (2021). Semantic and spatial congruency mould audiovisual integration depending on perceptual awareness, Sci. Rep. 11, 10832. DOI:10.1038\/s41598-021-90183-w."},{"key":"R000012","series-title":"Cereb. Cortex","first-page":"817","article-title":"Unconscious presentation of fearful face modulates electrophysiological responses to emotional prosody","volume":"25","author":"Doi, H.","unstructured":"Doi, H. and Shinohara, K. (2015). Unconscious presentation of fearful face modulates electrophysiological responses to emotional prosody, Cereb. Cortex 25, 817\u2013832. DOI:10.1093\/cercor\/bht282."},{"key":"R000013","series-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA","first-page":"10006","article-title":"Crossmodal binding of fear in voice and face","volume":"98","author":"Dolan, R.\u00a0J.","unstructured":"Dolan, R.\u00a0J., Morris, J.\u00a0S. and De Gelder, B. (2001). Crossmodal binding of fear in voice and face, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 10006\u201310010. DOI:10.1073\/pnas.171288598."},{"key":"R000014","series-title":"Psychol. Sci.","first-page":"431","article-title":"Microsaccades keep the eyes\u2019 balance during fixation","volume":"15","author":"Engbert, R.","unstructured":"Engbert, R. and Kliegl, R. (2004). Microsaccades keep the eyes\u2019 balance during fixation, Psychol. Sci. 15, 431. DOI:10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2004.00697.x."},{"key":"R000015","series-title":"Human Brain Mapping","first-page":"707","article-title":"Impact of voice on emotional judgment of faces: An event-related fMRI study","volume":"27","author":"Ethofer, T.","unstructured":"Ethofer, T., Anders, S., Erb, M., Droll, C., Royen, L., Saur, R., Reiterer, S., Grodd, W. and Wildgruber, D. (2006). Impact of voice on emotional judgment of faces: An event-related fMRI study, Human Brain Mapping 27, 707\u2013714. DOI:10.1002\/hbm.20212."},{"key":"R000016","series-title":"Front. Psychol.","article-title":"Threat induction biases processing of emotional expressions","volume":"13","author":"Flechsenhar, A.","unstructured":"Flechsenhar, A., Levine, S. and Bertsch, K. (2022). Threat induction biases processing of emotional expressions, Front. Psychol. 13, 967800. DOI:10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.967800."},{"key":"R000017","series-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.","first-page":"96","article-title":"The sound of emotions \u2014 towards a unifying neural network perspective of affective sound processing","volume":"68","author":"Fr\u00fchholz, S.","unstructured":"Fr\u00fchholz, S., Trost, W. and Kotz, S.\u00a0A. (2016). The sound of emotions \u2014 towards a unifying neural network perspective of affective sound processing, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 68, 96\u2013110. DOI:10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.05.002."},{"key":"R000018","series-title":"Emotion","first-page":"537","article-title":"Faces and awareness: low-level, not emotional factors determine perceptual dominance","volume":"13","author":"Gray, K.\u00a0L.\u00a0H.","unstructured":"Gray, K.\u00a0L.\u00a0H., Adams, W.\u00a0J., Hedger, N., Newton, K.\u00a0E. and Garner, M. (2013). Faces and awareness: low-level, not emotional factors determine perceptual dominance, Emotion 13, 537\u2013544. DOI:10.1037\/a0031403."},{"key":"R000019","series-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Psychol.","first-page":"1748","article-title":"Fearful faces have a sensory advantage in the competition for awareness","volume":"41","author":"Hedger, N.","unstructured":"Hedger, N., Adams, W.\u00a0J. and Garner, M. (2015). Fearful faces have a sensory advantage in the competition for awareness, J.\u00a0Exp. Psychol. 41, 1748\u20131757. DOI:10.1037\/xhp0000127."},{"key":"R000020","series-title":"Transitions between Consciousness and Unconsciousness","author":"Hesselmann, G.","unstructured":"Hesselmann, G. (2019). Transitions between Consciousness and Unconsciousness, 1st\u00a0edn. Routledge, Abingdon. DOI:10.4324\/9780429469688."},{"key":"R000021","series-title":"J.\u00a0Vis.","first-page":"17","article-title":"Priming in a shape task but not in a category task under continuous flash suppression","volume":"16","author":"Hesselmann, G.","unstructured":"Hesselmann, G., Darcy, N., Ludwig, K. and Sterzer, P. (2016). Priming in a shape task but not in a category task under continuous flash suppression, J.\u00a0Vis. 16, 17. DOI:10.1167\/16.3.17."},{"key":"R000022","series-title":"NeuroImage","first-page":"875","article-title":"Integration of iconic gestures and speech in left superior temporal areas boosts speech comprehension under adverse listening conditions","volume":"49","author":"Holle, H.","unstructured":"Holle, H., Obleser, J., Rueschemeyer, S.-A. and Gunter, T.\u00a0C. (2010). Integration of iconic gestures and speech in left superior temporal areas boosts speech comprehension under adverse listening conditions, NeuroImage 49, 875\u2013884. DOI:10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.08.058."},{"key":"R000023","series-title":"Front. Human Neurosci.","first-page":"1441915","article-title":"Auditory guidance of eye movements toward threat-related images in the absence of visual awareness","volume":"18","author":"Hu, J.","unstructured":"Hu, J., Badde, S. and Vetter, P. (2024). Auditory guidance of eye movements toward threat-related images in the absence of visual awareness, Front. Human Neurosci. 18, 1441915. DOI:10.3389\/fnhum.2024.1441915."},{"key":"R000024","series-title":"Cognition","article-title":"Semantic audio-visual congruence modulates visual sensitivity to biological motion across awareness levels","volume":"262","author":"Ioannucci, S.","unstructured":"Ioannucci, S. and Vetter, P. (2025). Semantic audio-visual congruence modulates visual sensitivity to biological motion across awareness levels, Cognition 262, 106181. DOI:10.1016\/j.cognition.2025.106181."},{"key":"R000025","series-title":"Sci. Rep.","first-page":"7717","article-title":"Holistic processing of gaze cues during interocular suppression","volume":"12","author":"Jackson, C.\u00a0D.","unstructured":"Jackson, C.\u00a0D. and Seymour, K.\u00a0K. (2022). Holistic processing of gaze cues during interocular suppression, Sci. Rep. 12, 7717. DOI:10.1038\/s41598-022-11927-w."},{"key":"R000026","series-title":"Emotion","first-page":"1214","article-title":"Multisensory processing of facial expressions in binocular rivalry","volume":"19","author":"Jertberg, R.","unstructured":"Jertberg, R., Levitan, C.\u00a0A. and Sherman, A. (2019). Multisensory processing of facial expressions in binocular rivalry, Emotion 19, 1214\u20131223. DOI:10.1037\/emo0000522."},{"key":"R000027","series-title":"Psychol. Sci.","first-page":"349","article-title":"Processing of invisible stimuli: advantage of upright faces and recognizable words in overcoming interocular suppression","volume":"18","author":"Jiang, Y.","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Costello, P. and He, S. (2007). Processing of invisible stimuli: advantage of upright faces and recognizable words in overcoming interocular suppression, Psychol. Sci. 18, 349\u2013355. DOI:10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01902.x."},{"key":"R000028","series-title":"Neuron","first-page":"2404","article-title":"A human colliculus-pulvinar-amygdala pathway encodes negative emotion","volume":"109","author":"Kragel, P.\u00a0A.","unstructured":"Kragel, P.\u00a0A., \u010ceko, M., Theriault, J., Chen, D., Satpute, A.\u00a0B., Wald, L.\u00a0W., Lindquist, M.\u00a0A., Feldman Barrett, L. and Wager, T.\u00a0D. (2021). A human colliculus-pulvinar-amygdala pathway encodes negative emotion, Neuron 109, 2404\u20132412. DOI:10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.06.001."},{"key":"R000029","series-title":"NeuroImage","first-page":"1445","article-title":"Audiovisual integration of emotional signals in voice and face: an event-related fMRI study","volume":"37","author":"Kreifelts, B.","unstructured":"Kreifelts, B., Ethofer, T., Grodd, W., Erb, M. and Wildgruber, D. (2007). Audiovisual integration of emotional signals in voice and face: an event-related fMRI study, NeuroImage 37, 1445\u20131456. DOI:10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.06.020."},{"key":"R000030","series-title":"Psychol. Sci.","first-page":"349","article-title":"Nonconscious emotional activation colors first impressions: a regulatory role for conscious awareness","volume":"25","author":"Lapate, R.\u00a0C.","unstructured":"Lapate, R.\u00a0C., Rokers, B., Li, T. and Davidson, R.\u00a0J. (2014). Nonconscious emotional activation colors first impressions: a regulatory role for conscious awareness, Psychol. Sci. 25, 349\u2013357. DOI:10.1177\/0956797613503175."},{"key":"R000031","series-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA","first-page":"8493","article-title":"Melodic sound enhances visual awareness of congruent musical notes, but only if you can read music","volume":"112","author":"Lee, M.","unstructured":"Lee, M., Blake, R., Kim, S. and Kim, C.-Y. (2015). Melodic sound enhances visual awareness of congruent musical notes, but only if you can read music, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 112, 8493\u20138498. DOI:10.1073\/pnas.1509529112."},{"key":"R000032","series-title":"Sci. Rep.","first-page":"1898","article-title":"Stimulus arousal drives amygdalar responses to emotional expressions across sensory modalities","volume":"10","author":"Lin, H.","unstructured":"Lin, H., M\u00fcller-Bardorff, M., Gathmann, B., Brieke, J., Mothes-Lasch, M., Bruchmann, M., Miltner, W.\u00a0H.\u00a0R. and Straube, T. (2020). Stimulus arousal drives amygdalar responses to emotional expressions across sensory modalities, Sci. Rep. 10, 1898. DOI:10.1038\/s41598-020-58839-1."},{"key":"R000033","author":"Lundqvist, D.","unstructured":"Lundqvist, D., Flykt, A. and \u00d6hman, A. (1998). Karolinska directed emotional faces. DOI:10.1037\/t27732-000."},{"key":"R000034","series-title":"Nature Neurosci.","first-page":"1041","article-title":"A fast pathway for fear in human amygdala","volume":"19","author":"M\u00e9ndez-B\u00e9rtolo, C.","unstructured":"M\u00e9ndez-B\u00e9rtolo, C., Moratti, S., Toledano, R., Lopez-Sosa, F., Mart\u00ednez-Alvarez, R., Mah, Y.\u00a0H., Vuilleumier, P., Gil-Nagel, A. and Strange, B.\u00a0A. (2016). A fast pathway for fear in human amygdala, Nature Neurosci. 19, 1041\u20131049. DOI:10.1038\/nn.4324."},{"key":"R000035","series-title":"Cognition","article-title":"Only visible flicker helps flutter: Tactile-visual integration breaks in the absence of visual awareness","volume":"238","author":"Montoya, S.","unstructured":"Montoya, S. and Badde, S. (2023). Only visible flicker helps flutter: Tactile-visual integration breaks in the absence of visual awareness, Cognition 238, 105528. DOI:10.1016\/j.cognition.2023.105528."},{"key":"R000036","series-title":"Front. Psychol.","first-page":"1472489","article-title":"Setting the tone: crossmodal emotional face-voice combinations in continuous flash suppression","volume":"15","author":"M\u00fcller, U.\u00a0W.\u00a0D.","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, U.\u00a0W.\u00a0D., Gerdes, A.\u00a0B.\u00a0M. and Alpers, G.\u00a0W. (2025). Setting the tone: crossmodal emotional face-voice combinations in continuous flash suppression, Front. Psychol. 15, 1472489. DOI:10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1472489."},{"key":"R000037","series-title":"NeuroImage","first-page":"2257","article-title":"Incongruence effects in crossmodal emotional integration","volume":"54","author":"M\u00fcller, V.\u00a0I.","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, V.\u00a0I., Habel, U., Derntl, B., Schneider, F., Zilles, K., Turetsky, B.\u00a0I. and Eickhoff, S.\u00a0B. (2011). Incongruence effects in crossmodal emotional integration, NeuroImage 54, 2257\u20132266. DOI:10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.10.047."},{"key":"R000038","series-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci.","first-page":"11431","article-title":"Audiovisual temporal correspondence modulates human multisensory superior temporal sulcus plus primary sensory cortices","volume":"27","author":"Noesselt, T.","unstructured":"Noesselt, T., Rieger, J.\u00a0W., Schoenfeld, M.\u00a0A., Kanowski, M., Hinrichs, H., Heinze, H.-J. and Driver, J. (2007). Audiovisual temporal correspondence modulates human multisensory superior temporal sulcus plus primary sensory cortices, J.\u00a0Neurosci. 27, 11431\u201311441. DOI:10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2252-07.2007."},{"key":"R000039","series-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci.","first-page":"13609","article-title":"Sound-induced enhancement of low-intensity vision: multisensory influences on human sensory-specific cortices and thalamic bodies relate to perceptual enhancement of visual detection sensitivity","volume":"30","author":"Noesselt, T.","unstructured":"Noesselt, T., Tyll, S., Boehler, C.\u00a0N., Budinger, E., Heinze, H.-J. and Driver, J. (2010). Sound-induced enhancement of low-intensity vision: multisensory influences on human sensory-specific cortices and thalamic bodies relate to perceptual enhancement of visual detection sensitivity, J.\u00a0Neurosci. 30, 13609\u201313623. DOI:10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4524-09.2010."},{"key":"R000040","series-title":"Physiol. Behav.","first-page":"180","article-title":"On the unconscious subcortical origin of human fear","volume":"92","author":"\u00d6hman, A.","unstructured":"\u00d6hman, A., Carlsson, K., Lundqvist, D. and Ingvar, M. (2007). On the unconscious subcortical origin of human fear, Physiol. Behav. 92, 180\u2013185. DOI:10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.05.057."},{"key":"R000041","series-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Psychol.","first-page":"466","article-title":"Emotion drives attention: detecting the snake in the grass","volume":"130","author":"\u00d6hman, A.","unstructured":"\u00d6hman, A., Flykt, A. and Esteves, F. (2001). Emotion drives attention: detecting the snake in the grass, J.\u00a0Exp. Psychol. 130, 466\u2013478. DOI:10.1037\/0096-3445.130.3.466."},{"key":"R000042","series-title":"Cognition","first-page":"353","article-title":"The function of consciousness in multisensory integration","volume":"125","author":"Palmer, T.\u00a0D.","unstructured":"Palmer, T.\u00a0D. and Ramsey, A.\u00a0K. (2012). The function of consciousness in multisensory integration, Cognition 125, 353\u2013364. DOI:10.1016\/j.cognition.2012.08.003."},{"key":"R000043","series-title":"Speech Commun.","first-page":"92","article-title":"How emotional prosody guides your way: Evidence from eye movements","volume":"54","author":"Paulmann, S.","unstructured":"Paulmann, S., Titone, D. and Pell, M.\u00a0D. (2012). How emotional prosody guides your way: Evidence from eye movements, Speech Commun. 54, 92\u2013107. DOI:10.1016\/j.specom.2011.07.004."},{"key":"R000044","series-title":"Psychol. Sci.","first-page":"292","article-title":"Emotion facilitates perception and potentiates the perceptual benefits of attention","volume":"17","author":"Phelps, E.\u00a0A.","unstructured":"Phelps, E.\u00a0A., Ling, S. and Carrasco, M. (2006). Emotion facilitates perception and potentiates the perceptual benefits of attention, Psychol. Sci. 17, 292\u2013299. DOI:10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01701.x."},{"key":"R000045","series-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev.","first-page":"1071","article-title":"Continuous flash suppression: known and unknowns","volume":"27","author":"Pournaghdali, A.","unstructured":"Pournaghdali, A. and Schwartz, B.\u00a0L. (2020). Continuous flash suppression: known and unknowns, Psychon. Bull. Rev. 27, 1071\u20131103. DOI:10.3758\/s13423-020-01771-2."},{"key":"R000046","series-title":"Cortex","first-page":"49","article-title":"Perception of facial expressions and voices and of their combination in the human brain","volume":"41","author":"Pourtois, G.","unstructured":"Pourtois, G., Degelder, B., Bol, A. and Crommelinck, M. (2005). Perception of facial expressions and voices and of their combination in the human brain, Cortex 41, 49\u201359. DOI:10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70177-1."},{"key":"R000047","series-title":"J.\u00a0Neurophysiol.","first-page":"1947","article-title":"Connectivity between the superior colliculus and the amygdala in humans and macaque monkeys: virtual dissection with probabilistic DTI tractography","volume":"114","author":"Rafal, R.\u00a0D.","unstructured":"Rafal, R.\u00a0D., Koller, K., Bultitude, J.\u00a0H., Mullins, P., Ward, R., Mitchell, A.\u00a0S. and Bell, A.\u00a0H. (2015). Connectivity between the superior colliculus and the amygdala in humans and macaque monkeys: virtual dissection with probabilistic DTI tractography, J.\u00a0Neurophysiol. 114, 1947\u20131962. DOI:10.1152\/jn.01016.2014."},{"key":"R000048","series-title":"Phenomenol. Cogn. Sci.","first-page":"1","article-title":"Introspection and subliminal perception","volume":"3","author":"Rams\u00f8y, T.\u00a0Z.","unstructured":"Rams\u00f8y, T.\u00a0Z. and Overgaard, M. (2004). Introspection and subliminal perception, Phenomenol. Cogn. Sci. 3, 1\u201323. DOI:10.1023\/B:PHEN.0000041900.30172.e8."},{"key":"R000049","series-title":"PLoS ONE","first-page":"e30740","article-title":"Seeing emotion with your ears: emotional prosody implicitly guides visual attention to faces","volume":"7","author":"Rigoulot, S.","unstructured":"Rigoulot, S. and Pell, M.\u00a0D. (2012). Seeing emotion with your ears: emotional prosody implicitly guides visual attention to faces, PLoS ONE 7, e30740. DOI:10.1371\/journal.pone.0030740."},{"key":"R000050","series-title":"Speech Commun.","first-page":"36","article-title":"Emotion in the voice influences the way we scan emotional faces","volume":"65","author":"Rigoulot, S.","unstructured":"Rigoulot, S. and Pell, M.\u00a0D. (2014). Emotion in the voice influences the way we scan emotional faces, Speech Commun. 65, 36\u201349. DOI:10.1016\/j.specom.2014.05.006."},{"key":"R000051","series-title":"Conscious. Cogn.","first-page":"1069","article-title":"Measuring consciousness: is one measure better than the other?","volume":"19","author":"Sandberg, K.","unstructured":"Sandberg, K., Timmermans, B., Overgaard, M. and Cleeremans, A. (2010). Measuring consciousness: is one measure better than the other?, Conscious. Cogn. 19, 1069\u20131078. DOI:10.1016\/j.concog.2009.12.013."},{"key":"R000052","series-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci.","first-page":"216","article-title":"Emotion perception from face, voice, and touch: comparisons and convergence","volume":"21","author":"Schirmer, A.","unstructured":"Schirmer, A. and Adolphs, R. (2017). Emotion perception from face, voice, and touch: comparisons and convergence, Trends Cogn. Sci. 21, 216\u2013228. DOI:10.1016\/j.tics.2017.01.001."},{"key":"R000053","series-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev.","first-page":"163","article-title":"Laughter exaggerates happy and sad faces depending on visual context","volume":"19","author":"Sherman, A.","unstructured":"Sherman, A., Sweeny, T.\u00a0D., Grabowecky, M. and Suzuki, S. (2012). Laughter exaggerates happy and sad faces depending on visual context, Psychon. Bull. Rev. 19, 163\u2013169. DOI:10.3758\/s13423-011-0198-2."},{"key":"R000054","series-title":"Curr. Biol.","first-page":"1680","article-title":"Auditory-Visual crossmodal integration in perception of face gender","volume":"17","author":"Smith, E.\u00a0L.","unstructured":"Smith, E.\u00a0L., Grabowecky, M. and Suzuki, S. (2007). Auditory-Visual crossmodal integration in perception of face gender, Curr. Biol. 17, 1680\u20131685. DOI:10.1016\/j.cub.2007.08.043."},{"key":"R000055","series-title":"Nature Rev. Neurosci.","first-page":"255","article-title":"Multisensory integration: current issues from the perspective of the single neuron","volume":"9","author":"Stein, B.\u00a0E.","unstructured":"Stein, B.\u00a0E. and Stanford, T.\u00a0R. (2008). Multisensory integration: current issues from the perspective of the single neuron, Nature Rev. Neurosci. 9, 255\u2013266. DOI:10.1038\/nrn2331."},{"key":"R000056","series-title":"Front. Human Neurosci.","first-page":"167","article-title":"Breaking continuous flash suppression: a new measure of unconscious processing during interocular suppression?","volume":"5","author":"Stein, T.","unstructured":"Stein, T., Hebart, M.\u00a0N. and Sterzer, P. (2011). Breaking continuous flash suppression: a new measure of unconscious processing during interocular suppression?, Front. Human Neurosci. 5, 167. DOI:10.3389\/fnhum.2011.00167."},{"key":"R000057","series-title":"J.\u00a0Vis.","first-page":"10","article-title":"Fine-scale activity patterns in high-level visual areas encode the category of invisible objects","volume":"8","author":"Sterzer, P.","unstructured":"Sterzer, P., Haynes, J.\u00a0D. and Rees, G. (2008). Fine-scale activity patterns in high-level visual areas encode the category of invisible objects, J.\u00a0Vis. 8, 10. DOI:10.1167\/8.15.10."},{"key":"R000058","series-title":"NeuroImage","first-page":"1210","article-title":"Audiovisual integration in human superior temporal sulcus: Inverse effectiveness and the neural processing of speech and object recognition","volume":"44","author":"Stevenson, R.\u00a0A.","unstructured":"Stevenson, R.\u00a0A. and James, T.\u00a0W. (2009). Audiovisual integration in human superior temporal sulcus: Inverse effectiveness and the neural processing of speech and object recognition, NeuroImage 44, 1210\u20131223. DOI:10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.09.034."},{"key":"R000059","series-title":"PLoS ONE","first-page":"e25517","article-title":"Emotional voice and emotional body postures influence each other independently of visual awareness","volume":"6","author":"Stienen, B.\u00a0M.\u00a0C.","unstructured":"Stienen, B.\u00a0M.\u00a0C., Tanaka, A. and De Gelder, B. (2011). Emotional voice and emotional body postures influence each other independently of visual awareness, PLoS ONE 6, e25517. DOI:10.1371\/journal.pone.0025517."},{"key":"R000060","series-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA","first-page":"17661","article-title":"Unseen facial and bodily expressions trigger fast emotional reactions","volume":"106","author":"Tamietto, M.","unstructured":"Tamietto, M., Castelli, L., Vighetti, S., Perozzo, P., Geminiani, G., Weiskrantz, L. and De Gelder, B. (2009). Unseen facial and bodily expressions trigger fast emotional reactions, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 17661\u201317666. DOI:10.1073\/pnas.0908994106."},{"key":"R000061","series-title":"Nature Rev. Neurosci.","first-page":"697","article-title":"Neural bases of the non-conscious perception of emotional signals","volume":"11","author":"Tamietto, M.","unstructured":"Tamietto, M. and De Gelder, B. (2010). Neural bases of the non-conscious perception of emotional signals, Nature Rev. Neurosci. 11, 697\u2013709. DOI:10.1038\/nrn2889."},{"key":"R000062","series-title":"Curr. Biol.","first-page":"1449","article-title":"Subcortical connections to human amygdala and changes following destruction of the visual cortex","volume":"22","author":"Tamietto, M.","unstructured":"Tamietto, M., Pullens, P., de Gelder, B., Weiskrantz, L. and Goebel, R. (2012). Subcortical connections to human amygdala and changes following destruction of the visual cortex, Curr. Biol. 22, 1449\u20131455. DOI:10.1016\/j.cub.2012.06.006."},{"key":"R000063","series-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci.","first-page":"133","article-title":"Unseen fearful faces promote amygdala guidance of attention","volume":"9","author":"Troiani, V.","unstructured":"Troiani, V., Price, E.\u00a0T. and Schultz, R.\u00a0T. (2014). Unseen fearful faces promote amygdala guidance of attention, Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 9, 133\u2013140. DOI:10.1093\/scan\/nss116."},{"key":"R000064","series-title":"Front. Human Neurosci.","first-page":"241","article-title":"Amygdala, pulvinar, and inferior parietal cortex contribute to early processing of faces without awareness","volume":"7","author":"Troiani, V.","unstructured":"Troiani, V. and Schultz, R.\u00a0T. (2013). Amygdala, pulvinar, and inferior parietal cortex contribute to early processing of faces without awareness, Front. Human Neurosci. 7, 241. DOI:10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00241."},{"key":"R000065","series-title":"Nature Neurosci.","first-page":"1096","article-title":"Continuous flash suppression reduces negative afterimages","volume":"8","author":"Tsuchiya, N.","unstructured":"Tsuchiya, N. and Koch, C. (2005). Continuous flash suppression reduces negative afterimages, Nature Neurosci. 8, 1096\u20131101. DOI:10.1038\/nn1500."},{"key":"R000066","series-title":"eLife","first-page":"e43467","article-title":"Emotional faces guide the eyes in the absence of awareness","volume":"8","author":"Vetter, P.","unstructured":"Vetter, P., Badde, S., Phelps, E.\u00a0A. and Carrasco, M. (2019). Emotional faces guide the eyes in the absence of awareness, eLife 8, e43467. DOI:10.7554\/eLife.43467."},{"key":"R000067","series-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci.","first-page":"585","article-title":"How brains beware: neural mechanisms of emotional attention","volume":"9","author":"Vuilleumier, P.","unstructured":"Vuilleumier, P. (2005). How brains beware: neural mechanisms of emotional attention, Trends Cogn. Sci. 9, 585\u2013594. DOI:10.1016\/j.tics.2005.10.011."},{"key":"R000068","series-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci.","first-page":"1405","article-title":"Rapid processing of invisible fearful faces in the human amygdala","volume":"43","author":"Wang, Y.","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Luo, L., Chen, G., Luan, G., Wang, X., Wang, Q. and Fang, F. (2023). Rapid processing of invisible fearful faces in the human amygdala, J.\u00a0Neurosci. 43, 1405\u20131413. DOI:10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1294-22.2022."},{"key":"R000069","series-title":"Cereb. Cortex","first-page":"1829","article-title":"Superadditive responses in superior temporal sulcus predict audiovisual benefits in object categorization","volume":"20","author":"Werner, S.","unstructured":"Werner, S. and Noppeney, U. (2010). Superadditive responses in superior temporal sulcus predict audiovisual benefits in object categorization, Cereb. Cortex 20, 1829\u20131842. DOI:10.1093\/cercor\/bhp248."},{"key":"R000070","series-title":"Psychol. Sci.","first-page":"814","article-title":"Cutting through the noise: auditory scenes and their effects on visual object processing","volume":"35","author":"Williams, J.\u00a0R.","unstructured":"Williams, J.\u00a0R. and St\u00f6rmer, V.\u00a0S. (2024a). Cutting through the noise: auditory scenes and their effects on visual object processing, Psychol. Sci. 35, 814\u2013824. DOI:10.1177\/09567976241237737."},{"key":"R000071","series-title":"Psychol. Sci.","first-page":"814","article-title":"Cutting through the noise: auditory scenes and their effects on visual object processing","volume":"35","author":"Williams, J.\u00a0R.","unstructured":"Williams, J.\u00a0R. and St\u00f6rmer, V.\u00a0S. (2024b). Cutting through the noise: auditory scenes and their effects on visual object processing, Psychol. Sci. 35, 814\u2013824. DOI:10.1177\/09567976241237737."},{"key":"R000072","series-title":"Emotion","first-page":"882","article-title":"Fearful expressions gain preferential access to awareness during continuous flash suppression","volume":"7","author":"Yang, E.","unstructured":"Yang, E., Zald, D.\u00a0H. and Blake, R. (2007). Fearful expressions gain preferential access to awareness during continuous flash suppression, Emotion 7, 882\u2013886. DOI:10.1037\/1528-3542.7.4.882."},{"key":"R000073","series-title":"J.\u00a0Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatr.","article-title":"Behavioral inhibition system sensitivity moderates audio-visual neutral information processing","volume":"69","author":"Yoon, K.\u00a0L.","unstructured":"Yoon, K.\u00a0L. and Hong, S.\u00a0W. (2020). Behavioral inhibition system sensitivity moderates audio-visual neutral information processing, J.\u00a0Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatr. 69, 101597. DOI:10.1016\/j.jbtep.2020.101597."}],"container-title":["Multisensory Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/msr\/aop\/article-10.1163-22134808-bja10203\/article-10.1163-22134808-bja10203.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/msr\/aop\/article-10.1163-22134808-bja10203\/article-10.1163-22134808-bja10203.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T09:56:03Z","timestamp":1787651763000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/msr\/aop\/article-10.1163-22134808-bja10203\/article-10.1163-22134808-bja10203.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"references-count":73,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/22134808-bja10203","relation":{},"ISSN":["2213-4794","2213-4808"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2213-4794","type":"print"},{"value":"2213-4808","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]}}}