{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T03:25:00Z","timestamp":1787714700132,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Multisens. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Accurately perceiving the duration of stimuli is important for many human behaviours, especially those involving movement such as when catching a ball. However, perceived duration is reportedly different depending on which sense is being monitored, with auditory stimuli often judged as longer than a matched visual stimulus. Recent experiments have implicated gravity in duration perception, but rigorous psychophysical methods have been lacking. Here, we developed a novel psychometric method for measuring perceived duration and manipulated the reliability of gravity by altering posture and by disruptive galvanic vestibular stimulation (dGVS). We assessed people\u2019s judgements of 1\u00a0s using visual (an LED), auditory (200\u00a0Hz at 56\u00a0dB played through headphones) or tactile (200\u00a0Hz played through tactors mounted on the backs of the hands) stimuli. Participants judged whether each stimulus, the duration of which was controlled by a QUick Estimation by Sequential Testing (QUEST) staircase, was longer or shorter than their internal estimate of 1\u00a0s in two postures: supine and standing. We also compared visual duration judgements in the presence of dGVS with those collected during sham stimulation to the neck. The perceived durations of auditory and tactile events were not affected by changing posture, but the perceived duration of a visual second was significantly longer when supine compared to when upright (by 45\u00a0ms) or during dGVS compared to during sham stimulation (by 66\u00a0ms). The duration of a light or tactile stimulus perceived as having a duration of 1\u00a0s was longer than the time needed for an auditory event to be perceived as being on for 1\u00a0s. We conclude that disrupting the vestibular system by lying supine or by electrical stimulation influences visual duration perception, but the perceived duration of auditory and tactile stimuli remains unaffected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1163\/22134808-bja10204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T03:04:31Z","timestamp":1786763071000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Vestibular System Influences the Perceived Duration of Lights But Not of Sounds or Touches"],"prefix":"10.1163","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3825-4259","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Ghasemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vision Research, https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/7991York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7154-8757","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laurence\u00a0R.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vision Research, https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/7991York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"R000001","series-title":"Biol. Cybern.","first-page":"511","article-title":"Two-dimensional coding of linear acceleration and the angular velocity sensitivity of the otolith system","volume":"67","author":"Angelaki, D.\u00a0E.","unstructured":"Angelaki, D.\u00a0E. (1992). Two-dimensional coding of linear acceleration and the angular velocity sensitivity of the otolith system, Biol. Cybern. 67, 511\u2013521."},{"key":"R000002","series-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci.","first-page":"125","article-title":"Vestibular system, the many facets of a multimodal sense","volume":"31","author":"Angelaki, D.\u00a0E.","unstructured":"Angelaki, D.\u00a0E. and Cullen, K.\u00a0E. (2008). Vestibular system, the many facets of a multimodal sense, Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 31, 125\u2013150. DOI:10.1146\/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125555."},{"key":"R000003","series-title":"Ophthalm. Physiol. Opt.","first-page":"502","article-title":"When to use the Bonferroni correction","volume":"34","author":"Armstrong, R.\u00a0A.","unstructured":"Armstrong, R.\u00a0A. (2014). When to use the Bonferroni correction, Ophthalm. Physiol. Opt. 34, 502\u2013508. DOI:10.1111\/opo.12131."},{"key":"R000004","series-title":"Attent. Percept. Psychophys.","first-page":"2241","article-title":"Do \u201cauditory\u201d and \u201cvisual\u201d time really feel the same? Effects of stimulus modality on duration and passage-of-time judgements","volume":"87","author":"Bratzke, D.","unstructured":"Bratzke, D. (2025). Do \u201cauditory\u201d and \u201cvisual\u201d time really feel the same? Effects of stimulus modality on duration and passage-of-time judgements, Attent. Percept. Psychophys. 87, 2241\u20132249. 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Psychol. 27, 195\u2013205."},{"key":"R000007","series-title":"Multisensory Res.","first-page":"347","article-title":"Off-vertical body orientation delays the perceived onset of visual motion","volume":"36","author":"Chung, W.","unstructured":"Chung, W. and Barnett-Cowan, M. (2023). Off-vertical body orientation delays the perceived onset of visual motion, Multisensory Res. 36, 347\u2013366. DOI:10.1163\/22134808-bja10095."},{"key":"R000008","series-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci.","first-page":"950","article-title":"How movements shape the perception of time","volume":"25","author":"De Kock, R.","unstructured":"De Kock, R., Gladhill, K.\u00a0A., Ali, M.\u00a0N., Joiner, W.\u00a0M. and Wiener, M. (2021). How movements shape the perception of time, Trends Cogn. Sci. 25, 950\u2013963. 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Int.","first-page":"5939","article-title":"Time Perception mechanisms at central nervous system","volume":"8","author":"Fontes, R.","unstructured":"Fontes, R., Ribeiro, J., Gupta, D.\u00a0S., Machado, D., Lopes-J\u00fanior, F., Magalh\u00e3es, F., Bastos, V.\u00a0H., Rocha, K., Marinho, V., Lima, G., Velasques, B., Ribeiro, P., Orsini, M., Pessoa, B., Araujo Leite, M.\u00a0A. and Teixeira, S. (2016). Time Perception mechanisms at central nervous system, Neurol. Int. 8, 5939. DOI:10.4081\/ni.2016.5939."},{"key":"R000014","series-title":"Behav. Process.","first-page":"88","article-title":"Time estimation of fear cues in human observers","volume":"86","author":"Grommet, E.\u00a0K.","unstructured":"Grommet, E.\u00a0K., Droit-Volet, S., Gil, S., Hemmes, N., Baker, A.\u00a0H. and Brown, B. (2011). Time estimation of fear cues in human observers, Behav. Process. 86, 88\u201393. DOI:10.1016\/j.beproc.2010.10.003."},{"key":"R000015","series-title":"Nature Neurosci.","first-page":"382","article-title":"Voluntary action and conscious awareness","volume":"5","author":"Haggard, P.","unstructured":"Haggard, P., Clark, S. and Kalogeras, J. (2002). Voluntary action and conscious awareness, Nature Neurosci. 5, 382\u2013385. DOI:10.1038\/nn827."},{"key":"R000016","series-title":"The international encyclopedia of neuroscience","first-page":"381","article-title":"Visual-vestibular interactions","author":"Harris, L.\u00a0R.","unstructured":"Harris, L.\u00a0R. (2009). Visual-vestibular interactions, in: The international encyclopedia of neuroscience, L.\u00a0R.\u00a0Squire (Ed.), pp.\u00a0381\u2013387. Elsevier, Amsterdam."},{"key":"R000017","series-title":"Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. 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DOI:10.1068\/p230745."},{"key":"R000019","series-title":"J.\u00a0Vis.","first-page":"19","article-title":"The effect of supine body position on human heading perception","volume":"16","author":"Hummel, N.","unstructured":"Hummel, N., Cuturi, L.\u00a0F., MacNeilage, P.\u00a0R. and Flanagin, V.\u00a0L. (2016). The effect of supine body position on human heading perception, J.\u00a0Vis. 16, 19. DOI:10.1167\/16.3.19."},{"key":"R000020","series-title":"Science","first-page":"416","article-title":"Representation of visual gravitational motion in the human vestibular cortex","volume":"308","author":"Indovina, I.","unstructured":"Indovina, I., Maffei, V., Bosco, G., Zago, M., Macaluso, E. and Lacquaniti, F. (2005). Representation of visual gravitational motion in the human vestibular cortex, Science 308, 416\u2013419."},{"key":"R000021","series-title":"Neuroscience","first-page":"416","article-title":"Head movements suggest canal and otolith projections are activated during galvanic vestibular stimulation","volume":"253","author":"Kim, J.","unstructured":"Kim, J. (2013). Head movements suggest canal and otolith projections are activated during galvanic vestibular stimulation, Neuroscience 253, 416\u2013425. DOI:10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.08.058."},{"key":"R000022","series-title":"Front. Physiol.","article-title":"Spaceflight alters reaction time and duration judgment of astronauts","volume":"14","author":"Kuldavletova, O.","unstructured":"Kuldavletova, O., Navarro Morales, D.\u00a0C., Quarck, G., Denise, P. and Cl\u00e9ment, G. (2023). Spaceflight alters reaction time and duration judgment of astronauts, Front. Physiol. 14, 1141078. DOI:10.3389\/fphys.2023.1141078."},{"key":"R000023","series-title":"Exp. Brain Res.","first-page":"208","article-title":"Modeling postural instability with Galvanic vestibular stimulation","volume":"172","author":"MacDougall, H.\u00a0G.","unstructured":"MacDougall, H.\u00a0G., Moore, S.\u00a0T., Curthoys, I.\u00a0S. and Black, F.\u00a0O. (2006). Modeling postural instability with Galvanic vestibular stimulation, Exp. Brain Res. 172, 208\u2013220."},{"key":"R000024","series-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci.","first-page":"9084","article-title":"Vestibular Heading discrimination and sensitivity to linear acceleration in head and world coordinates","volume":"30","author":"MacNeilage, P.\u00a0R.","unstructured":"MacNeilage, P.\u00a0R., Banks, M.\u00a0S., DeAngelis, G.\u00a0C. and Angelaki, D.\u00a0E. (2010). Vestibular Heading discrimination and sensitivity to linear acceleration in head and world coordinates, J.\u00a0Neurosci. 30, 9084\u20139094. DOI:10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1304-10.2010."},{"key":"R000025","series-title":"Eur. J. Radiol.","first-page":"312","article-title":"Spatio-temporal pattern of vestibular information processing after brief caloric stimulation","volume":"70","author":"Marcelli, V.","unstructured":"Marcelli, V., Esposito, F., Aragri, A., Furia, T., Riccardi, P., Tosetti, M., Biagi, L., Marciano, E. and Di Salle, F. (2009). Spatio-temporal pattern of vestibular information processing after brief caloric stimulation, Eur. J. Radiol. 70, 312\u2013316. DOI:10.1016\/j.ejrad.2008.01.042."},{"key":"R000026","series-title":"Nature Neurosci.","first-page":"604","article-title":"Does the brain model Newton\u2019s laws?","volume":"4","author":"McIntyre, J.","unstructured":"McIntyre, J., Zago, M., Berthoz, A. and Lacquaniti, F. (2001). Does the brain model Newton\u2019s laws?, Nature Neurosci. 4, 604\u2013693."},{"key":"R000027","series-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci.","first-page":"22","article-title":"How the motor system both encodes and influences our sense of time","volume":"8","author":"Merchant, H.","unstructured":"Merchant, H. and Yarrow, K. (2016). How the motor system both encodes and influences our sense of time, Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci. 8, 22\u201327. DOI:10.1016\/j.cobeha.2016.01.006."},{"key":"R000028","series-title":"Exp. Brain Res.","first-page":"647","article-title":"Modeling locomotor dysfunction following spaceflight with Galvanic vestibular stimulation","volume":"174","author":"Moore, S.\u00a0T.","unstructured":"Moore, S.\u00a0T., MacDougall, H.\u00a0G., Peters, B.\u00a0T., Bloomberg, J.\u00a0J., Curthoys, I.\u00a0S. and Cohen, H.\u00a0S. (2006). Modeling locomotor dysfunction following spaceflight with Galvanic vestibular stimulation, Exp. Brain Res. 174, 647\u2013659."},{"key":"R000029","series-title":"J.\u00a0Vis.","first-page":"1","article-title":"The weight of time, Gravitational force enhances discrimination of visual motion duration","volume":"11","author":"Moscatelli, A.","unstructured":"Moscatelli, A. and Lacquaniti, F. (2011). The weight of time, Gravitational force enhances discrimination of visual motion duration, J.\u00a0Vis. 11, 1\u201317. DOI:10.1167\/11.4.1."},{"key":"R000030","series-title":"Npj Microgravity","first-page":"1","article-title":"Time perception in astronauts on board the International Space Station","volume":"9","author":"Navarro Morales, D.\u00a0C.","unstructured":"Navarro Morales, D.\u00a0C., Kuldavletova, O., Quarck, G., Denise, P. and Cl\u00e9ment, G. (2023). Time perception in astronauts on board the International Space Station, Npj Microgravity 9, 1\u20137. DOI:10.1038\/s41526-023-00250-x."},{"key":"R000031","series-title":"PLoS ONE","article-title":"Vestibular stimulation and space-time interaction affect the perception of time during whole-body rotations","volume":"20","author":"Navarro Morales, D.\u00a0C.","unstructured":"Navarro Morales, D.\u00a0C., Laplanche, A., Kuldavletova, O., Cantave, B., Kola, A., Fr\u00e9ret, T., Quarck, G., Cl\u00e9ment, G. and Denise, P. (2025). Vestibular stimulation and space-time interaction affect the perception of time during whole-body rotations, PLoS ONE 20, e0313219. DOI:10.1371\/journal.pone.0313219."},{"key":"R000032","series-title":"Math. Biosci.","first-page":"1","article-title":"Integration of semicircular canal and otolith information for multisensory orientation stimuli","volume":"34","author":"Ormsby, C.\u00a0C.","unstructured":"Ormsby, C.\u00a0C. and Young, L.\u00a0R. (1977). Integration of semicircular canal and otolith information for multisensory orientation stimuli, Math. Biosci. 34, 1\u201321."},{"key":"R000033","series-title":"Perception","article-title":"Effects of short time \u221230\u00b0 head-down tilt on time perception","author":"Ren, W.","unstructured":"Ren, W., Liu, L., Liang, J., Zhang, P., Wu, D. and Zhang, Z. (2025). Effects of short time \u221230\u00b0 head-down tilt on time perception, Perception, 03010066241311831. DOI:10.1177\/03010066241311831."},{"key":"R000034","series-title":"The order of time","author":"Rovelli, C.","unstructured":"Rovelli, C. (2018). The order of time. Penguin Books, London."},{"key":"R000035","series-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Psychol.","first-page":"156","article-title":"Effects of stimulus complexity on the perception of brief temporal intervals","volume":"103","author":"Schiffman, H.\u00a0R.","unstructured":"Schiffman, H.\u00a0R. and Bobko, D.\u00a0J. (1974). Effects of stimulus complexity on the perception of brief temporal intervals, J.\u00a0Exp. Psychol. 103, 156\u2013159."},{"key":"R000036","series-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci.","article-title":"Vestibular Stimulation causes contraction of subjective time","volume":"16","author":"Utegaliyev, N.","unstructured":"Utegaliyev, N., von Castell, C. and Hecht, H. (2022). Vestibular Stimulation causes contraction of subjective time, Front. Integr. Neurosci. 16, 831059."},{"key":"R000037","series-title":"Neuropsychologia","first-page":"2789","article-title":"Electrified minds, Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). and Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS). as methods of non-invasive brain stimulation in neuropsychology\u00a0\u2014 a review of current data and future implications","volume":"48","author":"Utz, K.\u00a0S.","unstructured":"Utz, K.\u00a0S., Dimova, V., Oppenl\u00e4nder, K. and Kerkhoff, G. (2010). Electrified minds, Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). and Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS). as methods of non-invasive brain stimulation in neuropsychology\u00a0\u2014 a review of current data and future implications, Neuropsychologia 48, 2789\u20132810. DOI:10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.06.002."},{"key":"R000038","series-title":"Percept. Psychophys.","first-page":"113","article-title":"QUEST, a Bayesian adaptive psychometric method","volume":"33","author":"Watson, A.\u00a0B.","unstructured":"Watson, A.\u00a0B. and Pelli, D.\u00a0G. (1983). QUEST, a Bayesian adaptive psychometric method, Percept. Psychophys. 33, 113\u2013120. DOI:10.3758\/bf03202828."},{"key":"R000039","series-title":"Timing Time Percept.","first-page":"199","article-title":"Judgements of the duration of auditory and visual stimuli","volume":"9","author":"Wearden, J.\u00a0H.","unstructured":"Wearden, J.\u00a0H. and Jones, L.\u00a0A. (2021). Judgements of the duration of auditory and visual stimuli, Timing Time Percept. 9, 199\u2013224. DOI:10.1163\/22134468-bja10008."},{"key":"R000040","series-title":"Mem. Cogn.","first-page":"101","article-title":"The effect of a prior presentation on temporal judgments in a perceptual identification task","volume":"13","author":"Witherspoon, D.","unstructured":"Witherspoon, D. and Allan, L.\u00a0G. (1985). The effect of a prior presentation on temporal judgments in a perceptual identification task, Mem. Cogn. 13, 101\u2013111. 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