{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T15:29:11Z","timestamp":1762010951851,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Amphib.-Reptilia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Collection for the pet trade has been considered one of the major threats to the Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise <jats:italic>Testudo graeca<\/jats:italic>, since it modulates the size and structure of the species\u2019 populations and, therefore, their demography. Maamora forest is one of the most suitable habitats for this species. The proximity of the forest to Rabat indicated the possibility of these tortoise populations being particularly sensitive to over-collecting. Population demography was studied in four populations, in protected and unprotected areas in Maamora forest. The results showed significant differences as regards population size and structure between protected and unprotected areas. They specifically highlighted: i) higher density (23-17 indiv \u00b7 ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) balanced populations in the protected areas, in which young adults were predominant, ii) a higher body condition in the protected areas, especially the females, and iii) a low density (5.5 ind \u00b7 ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) more unbalance population in the unprotected areas, in which older females and younger males were predominant. In addition, a survey carried out by interviewing local adults (<jats:inline-formula\/>) showed that most people owned tortoises (61%, <jats:inline-formula\/>), mainly juveniles (65%, <jats:inline-formula\/>). The respondents stated that their tortoises had been captured in the forest (68%, <jats:inline-formula\/>). Maamora forest is home to one of the highest density populations of Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoises documented to date, and its conservation is essential if this species is to be maintained. Our social survey suggested that one of the challenges is to change the social perception of the Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise as a pet and highlight its intrinsic ecological value.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1163\/15685381-20191143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]],"date-time":"2019-03-13T10:47:54Z","timestamp":1552474074000},"page":"361-371","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The importance of protected and unprotected areas for the Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise demography in northwest Morocco"],"prefix":"10.1163","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Amalia","family":"Segura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n de Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos, IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo, 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"}]},{"given":"Pelayo","family":"Acevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n de Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos, IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo, 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"},{"name":"Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros Agr\u00f3nomos (UCLM), Ronda de Calatrava, 7, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"author":"Aafi, A.","key":"R000001","unstructured":"Aafi, A. (2007): Etude de la diversit\u00e9floristique de l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me de chene-li\u00e8gedu foret de la Maamora. These Institut Agron et V\u00e9t\u00e9r Hassan II, Rabat."},{"key":"R000002","series-title":"Southern California Academy Sciences","first-page":"58","article-title":"Nelson\u2019s big horn sheep (Ovis Canadensis nelson) trample Agassiz\u2019s desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) burrow at a California wind energy facility","volume":"114","author":"Agha, M.","unstructured":"Agha, M., Delaney, D., Lovich, J.E., Briggs, J., Austin, M., Price, S.J. (2015): Nelson\u2019s big horn sheep (Ovis Canadensis nelson) trample Agassiz\u2019s desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) burrow at a California wind energy facility. Southern California Academy Sciences 114: 58-62."},{"key":"R000003","series-title":"Ecography","first-page":"339","article-title":"Factors determining the distribution of the spur thighed tortoise Testudo graeca in south esat Spain: a hierarchical approach","volume":"29","author":"Anad\u00f3n, J.D.","unstructured":"Anad\u00f3n, J.D., Gim\u00e9nez, A., Mart\u00ednez, M., Mart\u00ednez, J., P\u00e9rez, I., Esteve, M.A. (2006): Factors determining the distribution of the spur thighed tortoise Testudo graeca in south esat Spain: a hierarchical approach. Ecography 29: 339-346."},{"key":"R000004","series-title":"Divers. Distrib.","first-page":"324","article-title":"Assessing changes in habitat quality due to land use changes in Testudo graeca using hierarchical predictive habitat models","volume":"13","author":"Anad\u00f3n, J.D.","unstructured":"Anad\u00f3n, J.D., Gim\u00e9nez, A., Mart\u00ednez, M., Esteve, M.A., Palaz\u00f3n, J.A. 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Vie et Milieu 56: 49-54."},{"series-title":"Tortuga mediterranea-Testudo hermanni. En Enciclopedia Virtual de los vertebrados espa\u00f1oles","author":"Bertolero, A.","key":"R000011","unstructured":"Bertolero, A. (2015): Tortuga mediterranea-Testudo hermanni. En Enciclopedia Virtual de los vertebrados espa\u00f1oles. Salvador, A., Marco, A., Eds, Museo Natural de ciencias naturales, Madrid."},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"R000012","series-title":"Herpetozoa","first-page":"203","article-title":"Density and sex ratio of wild populations of three Testudo species in Italy","volume":"30","author":"Biaggini, M.","unstructured":"Biaggini, M., Romano, A., Di Tizio, L., Corti, C. (2018): Density and sex ratio of wild populations of three Testudo species in Italy. Herpetozoa 30 (3\/4): 203-208."},{"author":"Boudy, P.","key":"R000013","unstructured":"Boudy, P. (1958): Economie forestiere Nord-africaine. Tome 3- Description forestiere du Maroc (2 emeedition). Paris."},{"key":"R000014","series-title":"Med. Vet. Ent.","first-page":"336","article-title":"Risk for the introduction of exotic ticks and pathogens into Italy through the illegal importation of tortoises Testudo graeca","volume":"24","author":"Brianti, E.","unstructured":"Brianti, E., Dantas-Torres, F., Giannetto, S., Risitano, A., Brucato, G., Gaglio, G., Otranto, D. (2010): Risk for the introduction of exotic ticks and pathogens into Italy through the illegal importation of tortoises Testudo graeca. Med. Vet. Ent. 24: 336-339."},{"series-title":"Model Selection and Multi-Model Inference","author":"Bumhan, K.P.","key":"R000015","unstructured":"Bumhan, K.P., Anderson, D.R. (2002): Model Selection and Multi-Model Inference. Springer, New York."},{"key":"R000016","series-title":"Animal Biol.","first-page":"259","article-title":"Morphological divergence among populations of Testudo graeca from west-central Morocco","volume":"55","author":"Carretero, M.A.","unstructured":"Carretero, M.A., Znari, M., Harris, D.J., Mac\u00e9, J.C. (2005): Morphological divergence among populations of Testudo graeca from west-central Morocco. Animal Biol. 55: 259-279."},{"key":"R000017","series-title":"Acta Oecol.","first-page":"197","article-title":"Factors affecting bird richness in a fragmented cork oak forest in Morocco","volume":"35","author":"Cherkaoui, I.","unstructured":"Cherkaoui, I., Selmi, S., Boukhriss, J., Hamid, R.I., Dakki, M. (2009): Factors affecting bird richness in a fragmented cork oak forest in Morocco. Acta Oecol. 35: 197-205."},{"key":"R000018","series-title":"Reptilia. Fauna d\u2019Italia, vol. 45. Reptilia","article-title":"Testudo hermanni Gmelin, 1789; pp. 188-199","author":"Cheylan, M.","unstructured":"Cheylan, M., Corti, C., Carpaneto, G.M., Mazzotti, S., Zuffi, M.A.L. (2010): Testudo hermanni Gmelin, 1789; pp. 188-199. In: Reptilia. Fauna d\u2019Italia, vol. 45. Reptilia. Corti, C., Cupula, M., Luiselli, L., Razzetti, E., Sindaco, R., Eds, Bologna (EdizioniCalderini)."},{"key":"R000019","series-title":"Ecography","first-page":"707","article-title":"Long-term demographic fluctuacions of the spur-thighed tortoise, Testudo graeca in SW Spain","volume":"24","author":"D\u00edaz-Paniagua, C.","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Paniagua, C., Keller, C., Andreu, A.C. (2001): Long-term demographic fluctuacions of the spur-thighed tortoise, Testudo graeca in SW Spain. Ecography 24: 707-721."},{"key":"R000020","series-title":"Chelonii","first-page":"325","article-title":"Croissance et dimorphisme sexual chez la tortuemaresque (Testudo graeca graeca L. 1758)","volume":"3","author":"El Mouden, E.H.","unstructured":"El Mouden, E.H., Slimani, T., Ben Kaddour, K. (2002): Croissance et dimorphisme sexual chez la tortuemaresque (Testudo graeca graeca L. 1758). Chelonii 3: 325-330."},{"key":"R000021","series-title":"J. Arid. Envi.","first-page":"422","article-title":"Testudo graeca graeca feeding ecology in an arid and overgrazed zone in Morocco","volume":"64","author":"El Mouden, E.H.","unstructured":"El Mouden, E.H., Slimani, T., Ben Kaddour, K., Lagarde, F., Ouhammou, A., Bonnet, X. (2006): Testudo graeca graeca feeding ecology in an arid and overgrazed zone in Morocco. J. Arid. Envi. 64: 422-435."},{"author":"El\u00a0yousfi, M.","key":"R000022","unstructured":"El\u00a0yousfi, M. (1998): La degradation de l\u00e1rganeraiedans le sud de marocain:cas de la foret d\u00c1dmine (Souss) entre 1969 et 1986. These, IAV Hassan II, Rabat."},{"key":"R000023","series-title":"Instit. Rubel Zurich","first-page":"40","article-title":"Apercu general sur la vegetation du Maroc. \u2013 veroff Geobot","volume":"14","author":"Emberger, L.","unstructured":"Emberger, L. (1939): Apercu general sur la vegetation du Maroc. \u2013 veroff Geobot. Instit. Rubel Zurich 14: 40-157."},{"key":"R000024","series-title":"The Southwestern Naturalist","first-page":"103","article-title":"Effects of desert wildfires on desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) and other small vertebrates","volume":"48","author":"Esque, T.C.","unstructured":"Esque, T.C., Schwalbe, C.R., Defalco, L.A., Duncan, R.B., Hughes, T.J. (2003): Effects of desert wildfires on desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) and other small vertebrates. The Southwestern Naturalist 48: 103-111."},{"key":"R000025","series-title":"Fl. Medit.","first-page":"277","article-title":"The world largest cork oak Maamora forest: challenges and the way ahead","volume":"25","author":"Fennane, M.","unstructured":"Fennane, M., Rejdali, M. (2015): The world largest cork oak Maamora forest: challenges and the way ahead. Fl. Medit. 25: 277-285."},{"author":"Gim\u00e9nez, A.","key":"R000026","unstructured":"Gim\u00e9nez, A., Esteve-Selma, M.A., P\u00e9rez, I., Anad\u00f3n, J.D., Mart\u00ednez,\u00a0M.A., Mart\u00ednez-Fern\u00e1ndez, J. (2005): La Tortuga mora en la region de Murcia. Conservaci\u00f3n de una especie amenazada. Diego Mar\u00edn Librero Editor. SL."},{"key":"R000027","series-title":"Scientific Reports","article-title":"Human-mediated secondary contact of two tortoise lineages results in sex-biased introgression","volume":"7","author":"Graci\u00e1, E.","unstructured":"Graci\u00e1, E., Rodr\u00edguez-Caro, R.C., Andreu, A.C., Fritz, U., Gim\u00e9nez, A., Botella, F. 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Implications for conservation","volume":"22","author":"Moulherat, S.","unstructured":"Moulherat, S., Delmas, V., Slimani, T., El Mouden, E.H., Louzizi, T., Lagarde, F., Bonnet, X. (2014): How far can a tortoise walk in open habitat before overheating? Implications for conservation. J.\u00a0Nat. Conserv. 22: 186-192."},{"key":"R000043","series-title":"Herpetol. Monogr.","first-page":"378","article-title":"Energy costs of grow in neonate reptiles","volume":"14","author":"Nagy, K.A.","unstructured":"Nagy, K.A. (2000): Energy costs of grow in neonate reptiles. Herpetol. Monogr. 14: 378-387."},{"key":"R000044","series-title":"Herpetologica","first-page":"73","article-title":"Physiological ecology of desert tortoises in southern Nevada","volume":"42","author":"Nagy, K.A.","unstructured":"Nagy, K.A., Medica, P.A. (1986): Physiological ecology of desert tortoises in southern Nevada. Herpetologica 42: 73-92."},{"key":"R000045","series-title":"Amphibia-Reptilia","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trade in spur-thighed tortoises Testudo graeca in Morocco: volumes, value and variation between markets","volume":"38","author":"Nijman, V.","unstructured":"Nijman, V., Bergim, D. (2017): Trade in spur-thighed tortoises Testudo graeca in Morocco: volumes, value and variation between markets. Amphibia-Reptilia 38: 1-13."},{"key":"R000046","series-title":"Biol. Conserv.","first-page":"175","article-title":"Non-commercial collection of spur-thighed tortoises Testudo graeca: a cultural problem in southeast Spain","volume":"118","author":"P\u00e9rez, I.","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez, I., Gim\u00e9nez, A., S\u00e1nchez-Zapata, J., Anad\u00f3n, J.D., Mart\u00ednez, M., Esteve, M.A. (2004): Non-commercial collection of spur-thighed tortoises Testudo graeca: a cultural problem in southeast Spain. Biol. 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Commun. 4: 2318."},{"key":"R000051","series-title":"Acta Oecol.","first-page":"22","article-title":"How does vegetation structure influence woodpeckers and secondary cavity nesting birds in African cork oak forest?","volume":"83","author":"Segura, A.","unstructured":"Segura, A. (2017): How does vegetation structure influence woodpeckers and secondary cavity nesting birds in African cork oak forest? Acta Oecol. 83: 22-28."},{"key":"R000052","series-title":"Chelonii","first-page":"200","article-title":"Structure et dinamique de population de Testudo graeca graeca L. 1758 dans les Jbilets centrales, Maroc","volume":"3","author":"Slimani, T.","unstructured":"Slimani, T., El Mouden, E.H., Ben Kaddour, K. (2002): Structure et dinamique de population de Testudo graeca graeca L. 1758 dans les Jbilets centrales, Maroc. Chelonii 3: 200-207."},{"series-title":"Body Composition Analysis of Animals: a Handbook of Non-destructive Methods","key":"R000053","unstructured":"Speakman, J.R., Ed. 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