{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T19:51:07Z","timestamp":1770839467496,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593475200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Amphib.-Reptilia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The designation of taxonomic units has important implications for the understanding and conservation of biodiversity. Eurasian vipers are a monophyletic group of viperid snakes (Serpentes, Viperinae), currently comprising four genera (<jats:italic>Daboia<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Macrovipera<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Montivipera<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Vipera<\/jats:italic>) and up to 40 species. Taxonomic units have been described using a wide variety of methods and criteria, and consequently, considerable controversy still surrounds the validity of some currently listed species. In order to promote a consensus- and evidence-based taxonomy of Eurasian vipers, we analysed published mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences for this group to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among currently recognized viper species. We also compiled information on external morphology to assess their morphological distinctiveness. Phylogenetic inference based on mtDNA sequences shows contrasting levels of divergence across genera and species and identifies several instances of non-monophyly in described species. Nuclear DNA sequences show extremely low levels of genetic variation, with a widespread pattern of allele sharing among distant species, and even among genera. Revision of morphological data shows that most species designations rely on scalation traits that overlap extensively among species of the same genus. Based on our combined assessment, we recognize 15 taxa as valid species, three taxa which likely represent species complexes, 17 taxa of doubtful validity as species, and five taxa for which species status is maintained but further research is highly recommended to assess taxonomic arrangements. We stress the need to implement integrative taxonomic approaches for the recognition of evidence-based taxonomic units in Eurasian vipers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1163\/15685381-bja10007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T02:00:15Z","timestamp":1587002415000},"page":"285-311","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Evaluating taxonomic inflation: towards evidence-based species delimitation in Eurasian vipers (Serpentes: Viperinae)"],"prefix":"10.1163","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Freitas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO\/InBIO\u00a0\u2013 Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources of the University of Porto, Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Ursenbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Section of Conservation Biology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"info fauna-karch, Centre de coordination pour la protection des amphibiens et des reptiles de Suisse, Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Mebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Biology, Waldmattstr, Birr, Switzerland"},{"name":"IDECC, Institute of Development, Ecology, Conservation and Cooperation, Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Oleksandr","family":"Zinenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of Nature, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv national University, Kharkiv, Ukraine"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Schweiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herpetological Collection, Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"W\u00fcster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, Wales, UK"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 C.","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO\/InBIO\u00a0\u2013 Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources of the University of Porto, Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jelka","family":"Crnobrnja-Isailovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Ni\u0161, Ni\u0161, Serbia"},{"name":"Institute for Biological Research \u201cS. Stankovi\u0107\u201d, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia"}]},{"given":"B\u00e1lint","family":"Halpern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MME BirdLife Hungary, Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Soumia","family":"Fahd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de T\u00e9touan, Universit\u00e9 Abdelmalek Essa\u00e2di, T\u00e9touan, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO\/InBIO\u00a0\u2013 Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources of the University of Porto, Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Juan M.","family":"Pleguezuelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Zoolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Joger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Natural History Museum, Braunschweig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Nikolay","family":"Orlov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia"}]},{"given":"Edv\u00e1rd","family":"Mizsei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tisza River Research, Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Ecology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Lourdais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Etudes Biologiques de Chiz\u00e9, CNRS, UMR 7372, Villiers en Bois, France"}]},{"given":"Marco A.L.","family":"Zuffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pisa\u00a0\u2013 Museum Natural History, Calci (Pisa), Italy"}]},{"given":"Alexandru","family":"Strugariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department\u00a0\u2013 Faculty of Biology, \u201cAlexandru Ioan Cuza\u201d University of Ia\u015fi, Ia\u015fi, Romania"}]},{"given":"\u015etefan Remus","family":"Zamfirescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology \u2013 Faculty of Biology, \u201cAlexandru Ioan Cuza\u201d University of Ia\u015fi, Ia\u015fi, Romania"}]},{"given":"\u00cd\u00f1igo","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Solano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales \u2013 CSIC, Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Velo-Ant\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO\/InBIO\u00a0\u2013 Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources of the University of Porto, Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Antigoni","family":"Kaliontzopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO\/InBIO\u00a0\u2013 Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources of the University of Porto, Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Freir\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO\/InBIO\u00a0\u2013 Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources of the University of Porto, Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"R000001","series-title":"Ecologica Montenegrina","first-page":"214","article-title":"A new subspecies of Ottoman viper, Montivipera xanthina (Gray, 1849), (Squamata: Viperidae) from Geyik Mountains, Mediterranean Turkey","volume":"22","author":"Afasr, M.","unstructured":"Afasr, M., Yakin, B.Y., \u00c7i\u00e7ek, K., Din\u00e7er, A. (2019): A new subspecies of Ottoman viper, Montivipera xanthina (Gray, 1849), (Squamata: Viperidae) from Geyik Mountains, Mediterranean Turkey. Ecologica Montenegrina 22: 214-225."},{"key":"R000002","series-title":"Mol. Phylogenetics Evol.","first-page":"50","article-title":"Diversification in vipers: phylogenetic relationships, time of divergence and shifts in speciation rates","volume":"105","author":"Alencar, L.R.","unstructured":"Alencar, L.R., Quental, T.B., Grazziotin, F.G., Alfaro, M.L., Martins, M., Venzon, M., Zaher, H. (2016): Diversification in vipers: phylogenetic relationships, time of divergence and shifts in speciation rates. Mol. Phylogenetics Evol. 105: 50-62."},{"key":"R000003","series-title":"J. Zool. 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(2009): Molecular phylogeography of the asp viper Vipera aspis (Linnaeus, 1758) in Italy: evidence for introgressive hybridization and mitochondrial DNA capture. Mol. Phylogenetics Evol. 52: 103-114."},{"key":"R000009","series-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol.","first-page":"148","article-title":"Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation","volume":"22","author":"Bickford, D.","unstructured":"Bickford, D., Lohman, D.J., Sodhi, N.S., Rahayu, D.L., Meier, R., Winker, K., Das, I. (2007): Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 22: 148-155."},{"key":"R000010","series-title":"Zoologica Scripta.","first-page":"227","article-title":"Vipera pontica sp. n., a new viper species in the kaznakovi group (Reptilia, Viperidae) from northeastern Turkey and adjacent Transcaucasia","volume":"19","author":"Billing, H.","unstructured":"Billing, H., Nilson, G., Satler, U. 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Anz.","first-page":"62","article-title":"Eine neue Viper aus Armenien","volume":"13","author":"Boettger, O.","unstructured":"Boettger, O. (1890): Eine neue Viper aus Armenien. Zool. Anz. 13: 62-64."},{"key":"R000013","series-title":"Amphibia-Reptilia.","first-page":"265","article-title":"Eine neue Art des Vipera berus-Komplexes aus der Turkei","volume":"4","author":"B\u00f6hme, W.","unstructured":"B\u00f6hme, W., Joger, U. (1984): Eine neue Art des Vipera berus-Komplexes aus der Turkei. Amphibia-Reptilia. 4: 265-271."},{"key":"R000014","series-title":"Tome. Rome.","first-page":"1832","article-title":"Iconographia della Fauna Italica per le quattro classi degli animali vertebrati","author":"Bonaparte, L.","unstructured":"Bonaparte, L. (1835): Iconographia della Fauna Italica per le quattro classi degli animali vertebrati. Tome. Rome.: 1832-1841."},{"key":"R000015","series-title":"Bull. Zool. Soc. France","first-page":"116","article-title":"Note sur une forme vouvelle ou peu connue de vip\u00e8re","volume":"3","author":"Bosc\u00e1, E.","unstructured":"Bosc\u00e1, E. (1878): Note sur une forme vouvelle ou peu connue de vip\u00e8re. Bull. Zool. Soc. France 3: 116-121."},{"key":"R000016","series-title":"Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum Natural History, vol.\u00a0III","author":"Boulenger, G.A.","unstructured":"Boulenger, G.A. (1896): Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum Natural History, vol.\u00a0III. British Museum (Natural History), London."},{"key":"R000017","series-title":"Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.","first-page":"283","article-title":"On the geographical races of Vipera ammodytes","volume":"11","author":"Boulenger, G.A.","unstructured":"Boulenger, G.A. (1913): On the geographical races of Vipera ammodytes. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 11: 283-287."},{"key":"R000018","series-title":"J.\u00a0Mammal.","first-page":"960","article-title":"A test of the genetic species concept: cytochrome-b sequences and mammals","volume":"82","author":"Bradley, R.D.","unstructured":"Bradley, R.D., Baker, R.J. (2001): A test of the genetic species concept: cytochrome-b sequences and mammals. J.\u00a0Mammal. 82: 960-973."},{"key":"R000019","series-title":"Bull. Soc. Nat Moscow","first-page":"599","article-title":"Pelias renardi mihi","volume":"34","author":"Christoph, H.","unstructured":"Christoph, H. (1861): Pelias renardi mihi. Bull. Soc. Nat Moscow 34: 599-606."},{"key":"R000020","series-title":"Mol. Ecol.","first-page":"1657","article-title":"TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies","volume":"9","author":"Clement, M.","unstructured":"Clement, M., Posada, D., Crandall, K.A. (2000): TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Mol. 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(2012): Phylogeography of the Vipera ursinii complex (Viperidae): mitochondrial markers revealed an east-west disjunction in the palearctic region. J.\u00a0Biogeogr. 39: 1836-1847."},{"key":"R000029","series-title":"Amphibia-Reptilia.","first-page":"145","article-title":"Chasing the phantom: biogeography and conservation of Vipera latastei-monticola in the Maghreb (North Africa)","volume":"39","author":"Freitas, I.","unstructured":"Freitas, I., Fahd, S., Velo-Ant\u00f3n, G., Mart\u00ednez-Freir\u00eda, F. (2018): Chasing the phantom: biogeography and conservation of Vipera latastei-monticola in the Maghreb (North Africa). Amphibia-Reptilia. 39: 145-161."},{"key":"R000030","series-title":"Herpetologica.","first-page":"87","article-title":"Species in concept and practice: herpetological applications","volume":"46","author":"Frost, D.R.","unstructured":"Frost, D.R., Hillis, D.M. (1990): Species in concept and practice: herpetological applications. Herpetologica. 46: 87-104."},{"key":"R000031","series-title":"Mol. Phylogenetics Evol.","first-page":"35","article-title":"Molecular phylogeny of Vipera Laurenti, 1768 and the related genera Macrovipera (Reuss, 1927) and Daboia (Gray, 1842), with comments about neurotoxic Vipera aspis aspis populations","volume":"35","author":"Garrigues, T.","unstructured":"Garrigues, T., Dauga, C., Ferquel, E., Choumet, V., Failloux, A.B. (2005): Molecular phylogeny of Vipera Laurenti, 1768 and the related genera Macrovipera (Reuss, 1927) and Daboia (Gray, 1842), with comments about neurotoxic Vipera aspis aspis populations. Mol. Phylogenetics Evol. 35: 35-47."},{"key":"R000032","series-title":"J. Zool. Syst.","first-page":"161","article-title":"A new vertebrate for Europe: the discovery of a range-restricted relict viper in the western Italian Alps","volume":"54","author":"Ghielmi, S.","unstructured":"Ghielmi, S., Menegon, M., Marsden, S.J., Laddaga, L., Ursenbacher, S. (2016): A new vertebrate for Europe: the discovery of a range-restricted relict viper in the western Italian Alps. J. Zool. Syst. 54: 161-173."},{"key":"R000033","series-title":"Zool. Middle East.","first-page":"306","article-title":"New locality records for four rare species of vipers (Reptilia: Viperidae) in Turkey","volume":"60","author":"G\u00f6\u00e7men, B.","unstructured":"G\u00f6\u00e7men, B., Mebert, K., \u0130\u011fci, N., Akman, B., Y\u0131ld\u0131z, M.Z., O\u011fuz, M.A., Alt\u0131n, \u00c7. (2014a): New locality records for four rare species of vipers (Reptilia: Viperidae) in Turkey. Zool. Middle East. 60: 306-313."},{"key":"R000034","series-title":"Amphibia-Reptilia.","first-page":"289","article-title":"A new population and subspecies of the critically endangered Anatolian meadow viper Vipera anatolica Eiselt and Baran, 1970 in eastern Antalya province","volume":"38","author":"G\u00f6\u00e7men, B.","unstructured":"G\u00f6\u00e7men, B., Mebert, K., Kar\u0131\u015f, M., O\u011fuz, M.A., Ursenbacher, S. (2017): A new population and subspecies of the critically endangered Anatolian meadow viper Vipera anatolica Eiselt and Baran, 1970 in eastern Antalya province. Amphibia-Reptilia. 38: 289-305."},{"key":"R000035","series-title":"Herpetologica Romanica.","first-page":"1","article-title":"The poorly known Anatolian Meadow Viper, Vipera anatolica: new morphological and ecological data","volume":"8","author":"G\u00f6\u00e7men, B.","unstructured":"G\u00f6\u00e7men, B., Mulder, J., Kar\u0131\u015f, M., O\u011fuz, M.A. (2014b): The poorly known Anatolian Meadow Viper, Vipera anatolica: new morphological and ecological data. Herpetologica Romanica. 8: 1-10."},{"key":"R000036","series-title":"Edward Newman, London","first-page":"1","article-title":"Catalogue of the specimens of snakes in the collection of the British Museum","volume":"15","author":"Gray, J.E.","unstructured":"Gray, J.E. (1849): Catalogue of the specimens of snakes in the collection of the British Museum. Edward Newman, London 15: 1-125."},{"key":"R000037","series-title":"J\u00a0Zool.","first-page":"138","article-title":"Hybridization between a euro-Siberian (Vipera berus) and a para-Mediterranean viper (V. aspis) at their contact zone in western France","volume":"302","author":"Guiller, G.","unstructured":"Guiller, G., Lourdais, O., Ursenbacher, S. (2017): Hybridization between a euro-Siberian (Vipera berus) and a para-Mediterranean viper (V. aspis) at their contact zone in western France. J\u00a0Zool. 302: 138-147."},{"key":"R000038","series-title":"Evolution.","first-page":"409","article-title":"Convergence and the multidimensional niche","volume":"59","author":"Harmon, L.J.","unstructured":"Harmon, L.J., Kolbe, J.J., Cheverud, J.M., Losos, J.B. (2005): Convergence and the multidimensional niche. Evolution. 59: 409-421."},{"key":"R000039","series-title":"Syst. 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