{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T01:01:27Z","timestamp":1741309287790,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ED431F 2022\/10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED431F 2022\/10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RYC-2019-026959-I\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC-2019-026959-I\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031478","name":"NextGenerationEU","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["0142141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0142141"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Amphib.-Reptilia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Aposematic species rely on primary and secondary antipredator strategies. Yet, some opportunistic and generalist species may consume them, although this has been largely supported by indirect evidence such as dietary analyses or clay model experiments. Here, we studied the role of the wild boar, <jats:italic>Sus scrofa<\/jats:italic>, as a consumer and possible predator of an aposematic and toxic salamander, <jats:italic>Salamandra salamandra gallaica<\/jats:italic>. We investigated this behaviour using camera traps and salamander carcasses on a small island where both species co-occur. Our results show a very low proportion of salamanders consumed by wild boars (3.8%), which indicates that fire salamanders might not completely rely on their aposematic strategy to avoid being consumed by this generalist species. The number of predation events does not differ between wild boar age classes, but it does between seasons, with a higher consumption in spring, which can be associated with an increase in animal consumption when fruits (e.g., acorns) are no longer available on this island. We also highlight the need for temporal studies targeting predator-prey interactions through behavioural data and complementary approaches to better understand the possible impact of opportunistic and generalist species in the ecosystem. This is particularly important in management plans involving the control of generalist species such as the wild boar, which is considered one of the most invasive species globally and a threat to countless species worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1163\/15685381-bja10211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T05:53:56Z","timestamp":1736402036000},"page":"115-126","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Aposematism vs. scavenging? camera trapping unveils low and seasonal-dependent consumption of toxic salamander carcasses by wild boars"],"prefix":"10.1163","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9483-5695","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Velo-Ant\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ECOEVO Lab, EE Forestal, https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/16784Universidad de Vigo, Campus Universitario A. Xunqueira, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Comesa\u00f1a","family":"Ledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECOEVO Lab, EE Forestal, https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/16784Universidad de Vigo, Campus Universitario A. Xunqueira, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9772-0052","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xos\u00e9","family":"Pardavila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorex, Ecolox\u00eda e Medio Ambiente S.L., 15702 Santiago de Compostela (A Coru\u00f1a), Spain"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"R000001","series-title":"J. Zool.","first-page":"34","article-title":"A methodological workflow for quantitative colouration and colour pattern comparison reveals taxonomic and habitat-level differences in the polymorphic fire salamander","volume":"324","author":"Alarc\u00f3n-R\u00edos, L.","unstructured":"Alarc\u00f3n-R\u00edos, L., \u00c1lvarez, D., Velo-Ant\u00f3n, G. (2024): A methodological workflow for quantitative colouration and colour pattern comparison reveals taxonomic and habitat-level differences in the polymorphic fire salamander. J. Zool. 324: 34-49."},{"key":"R000002","series-title":"Mamm. Rev.","first-page":"124","article-title":"A review of wild boar Sus scrofa diet and factors affecting food selection in native and introduced ranges","volume":"44","author":"Ballari, S.A.","unstructured":"Ballari, S.A., Barrios-Garc\u00eda, M.N. (2014): A review of wild boar Sus scrofa diet and factors affecting food selection in native and introduced ranges. Mamm. Rev. 44: 124-134."},{"key":"R000003","series-title":"Sci. Rep.","article-title":"Factors determining the dorsal coloration pattern of aposematic salamanders","volume":"12","author":"Barzaghi, B.","unstructured":"Barzaghi, B., Melotto, A., Cogliati, P., Manenti, R., Ficetola, G.F. (2022): Factors determining the dorsal coloration pattern of aposematic salamanders. Sci. Rep. 12: 17090."},{"key":"R000004","series-title":"Bol. Estac. Cent. Ecol.","first-page":"73","article-title":"Datos sobre la alimentaci\u00f3n de la salamandra (Salamandra salamandra L.) en Galicia","volume":"8","author":"Bas L\u00f3pez, S.","unstructured":"Bas L\u00f3pez, S., Guiti\u00e1n Rivera, J., de\u00a0Castro Lorenzo, A., S\u00e1nchez Canals, J.L. (1979): Datos sobre la alimentaci\u00f3n de la salamandra (Salamandra salamandra L.) en Galicia. Bol. Estac. Cent. Ecol. 8: 73-78."},{"key":"R000005","series-title":"J.\u00a0Zool. Syst. Evol. Res.","first-page":"127","article-title":"Colour polymorphism in Salamandra salamandra (Amphibia: Urodela), revealed by a lack of genetic and environmental differentiation between distinct phenotypes","volume":"54","author":"Beukema, W.","unstructured":"Beukema, W., Nicieza, A.G., Louren\u00e7o, A., Velo-Ant\u00f3n, G. (2016): Colour polymorphism in Salamandra salamandra (Amphibia: Urodela), revealed by a lack of genetic and environmental differentiation between distinct phenotypes. J.\u00a0Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 54: 127-136."},{"key":"R000006","series-title":"Herpetologica","first-page":"1","article-title":"The antipredator arsenal of fire salamanders: spraying of secretions from highly pressurized dorsal skin glands","volume":"46","author":"Brodie Jr., E.D.","unstructured":"Brodie Jr., E.D., Smatresk, N.J. (1990): The antipredator arsenal of fire salamanders: spraying of secretions from highly pressurized dorsal skin glands. Herpetologica 46: 1-7."},{"key":"R000007","series-title":"For. Ecol. Manag.","first-page":"71","article-title":"Wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa L.) rooting and forest regeneration on podzolic soils in the Netherlands","volume":"88","author":"Bruinderink, G.G.","unstructured":"Bruinderink, G.G., Hazebroek, E. (1996): Wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa L.) rooting and forest regeneration on podzolic soils in the Netherlands. For. Ecol. Manag. 88: 71-80."},{"key":"R000008","series-title":"Do\u00f1ana Acta Vertebr.","first-page":"51","article-title":"Food habits of the buzzard (Buteo buteo L. 1758) in the North of Spain","volume":"12","author":"Bustamante D\u00edaz, J.M.","unstructured":"Bustamante D\u00edaz, J.M. (1985): Food habits of the buzzard (Buteo buteo L. 1758) in the North of Spain. Do\u00f1ana Acta Vertebr. 12: 51-62."},{"key":"R000009","series-title":"Mamm. Rev.","first-page":"212","article-title":"Litter size and latitude in a large mammal: the wild boar Sus scrofa","volume":"40","author":"Bywater, K.A.","unstructured":"Bywater, K.A., Apollonio, M., Cappai, N., Stephens, P.A. (2010): Litter size and latitude in a large mammal: the wild boar Sus scrofa. Mamm. Rev. 40: 212-220."},{"key":"R000010","series-title":"Sci. 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Conserv. 3: 109-122."},{"key":"R000012","series-title":"TREE","first-page":"595","article-title":"Aposematism: unpacking the defences","volume":"34","author":"Caro, T.","unstructured":"Caro, T., Ruxton, G. (2019): Aposematism: unpacking the defences. TREE 34: 595-604."},{"key":"R000013","series-title":"Predation. Herpetol. Rev.","article-title":"Salamandra salamandra (fire salamander)","volume":"30","author":"Carretero, M.A.","unstructured":"Carretero, M.A., Rosell, C. (1999): Salamandra salamandra (fire salamander). Predation. Herpetol. Rev. 30: 161."},{"key":"R000014","series-title":"Amphib.-Reptil.","first-page":"373","article-title":"Developmental costs of yellow colouration in fire salamanders and experiments to test the efficiency of yellow as a warning colouration","volume":"41","author":"Caspers, B.A.","unstructured":"Caspers, B.A., Krause, E.T., Hermansk, I., Wiesbrock, C., Kastrup, F.W., Steinfartz, S. (2020): Developmental costs of yellow colouration in fire salamanders and experiments to test the efficiency of yellow as a warning colouration. Amphib.-Reptil. 41: 373-385."},{"key":"R000015","series-title":"J.\u00a0Nat. Prod.","first-page":"1556","article-title":"Alkaloids from amphibian skin: a tabulation of over eight-hundred compounds","volume":"68","author":"Daly, J.W.","unstructured":"Daly, J.W., Spande, T.F., Garraffo, H.M. (2005): Alkaloids from amphibian skin: a tabulation of over eight-hundred compounds. J.\u00a0Nat. Prod. 68: 1556-1575."},{"key":"R000016","series-title":"Behav. Processes","first-page":"251","article-title":"Seasonal variations in habitat selection and spatial distribution of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in the Camargue, Southern France","volume":"13","author":"Dardaillon, M.","unstructured":"Dardaillon, M. (1986): Seasonal variations in habitat selection and spatial distribution of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in the Camargue, Southern France. Behav. 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Res.","first-page":"245","article-title":"Diet of wild boar Sus scrofa L. and crop damage in an intensive agroecosystem","volume":"52","author":"Herrero, J.","unstructured":"Herrero, J., Garc\u00eda-Serrano, A., Couto, S., Ortu\u00f1o, V.M., Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez, R. (2006): Diet of wild boar Sus scrofa L. and crop damage in an intensive agroecosystem. Eur. J. Wildl. Res. 52: 245-250."},{"key":"R000025","series-title":"Galemys","first-page":"125","article-title":"Wild boar frugivory in the Atlantic Basque Country","volume":"16","author":"Irizar, I.","unstructured":"Irizar, I., Laskurain, N.A., Herrero, J. (2004): Wild boar frugivory in the Atlantic Basque Country. Galemys 16: 125-134."},{"key":"R000026","series-title":"J.\u00a0Mammal.","first-page":"519","article-title":"Estimate of herpetofauna depredation by a population of wild pigs","volume":"91","author":"Jolley, D.B.","unstructured":"Jolley, D.B., Ditchkoff, S.S., Sparklin, B.D., Hanson, L.B., Mitchell, M.S., Grand, J.B. (2010): Estimate of herpetofauna depredation by a population of wild pigs. J.\u00a0Mammal. 91: 519-524."},{"key":"R000027","series-title":"Acta Ethol.","first-page":"225","article-title":"Do it like the otter\u00a0\u2013 data on the amphibian skinning behaviour in the Eurasian badger (Meles meles L., 1758)","volume":"26","author":"Koynova, T.","unstructured":"Koynova, T., Tsvetkov, R., Natchev, N. (2023): Do it like the otter\u00a0\u2013 data on the amphibian skinning behaviour in the Eurasian badger (Meles meles L., 1758). Acta Ethol. 26: 225-229."},{"key":"R000028","series-title":"N.\u00a0Z. J. Ecol.","first-page":"191","article-title":"Feral pig (Sus scrofa) predation of a green and golden bell frog (Litoria aurea)","volume":"40","author":"Krull, C.R.","unstructured":"Krull, C.R., Egeter, B. (2016): Feral pig (Sus scrofa) predation of a green and golden bell frog (Litoria aurea). N.\u00a0Z. J. Ecol. 40: 191-195."},{"issue":"13","key":"R000029","series-title":"J. Stat. 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Environ. 20: 588-588."},{"key":"R000031","series-title":"J.\u00a0Biogeogr.","first-page":"1054","article-title":"Role of colonization history and species-specific traits on contemporary genetic variation of two salamander species in a Holocene island-mainland system","volume":"45","author":"Louren\u00e7o, A.","unstructured":"Louren\u00e7o, A., Sequeira, F., Buckley, D., Velo-Ant\u00f3n, G. (2018): Role of colonization history and species-specific traits on contemporary genetic variation of two salamander species in a Holocene island-mainland system. J.\u00a0Biogeogr. 45: 1054-1066."},{"key":"R000032","series-title":"Mol. Ecol.","first-page":"4573","article-title":"Comparative landscape genetics reveals the evolution of viviparity reduces genetic connectivity in fire salamanders","volume":"28","author":"Louren\u00e7o, A.","unstructured":"Louren\u00e7o, A., Gon\u00e7alves, J., Carvalho, F., Wang, I.J., Velo-Ant\u00f3n, G. (2019): Comparative landscape genetics reveals the evolution of viviparity reduces genetic connectivity in fire salamanders. Mol. Ecol. 28: 4573-4591."},{"key":"R000033","series-title":"Sci. Nat.","first-page":"1","article-title":"A salamander\u2019s toxic arsenal: review of skin poison diversity and function in true salamanders, genus Salamandra","volume":"105","author":"L\u00fcddecke, T.","unstructured":"L\u00fcddecke, T., Schulz, S., Steinfartz, S., Vences, M. (2018): A salamander\u2019s toxic arsenal: review of skin poison diversity and function in true salamanders, genus Salamandra. Sci. Nat. 105: 1-16."},{"key":"R000034","series-title":"Z.\u00a0Feldherpetol.","first-page":"131","article-title":"Laut\u00e4u\u00dferungen bei Salamandra salamandra gallaica","volume":"12","author":"Malkmus, R.","unstructured":"Malkmus, R. (2005): Laut\u00e4u\u00dferungen bei Salamandra salamandra gallaica. Z.\u00a0Feldherpetol. 12: 131-132."},{"key":"R000035","series-title":"Mamm. 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Toxicon 45: 603-606."},{"key":"R000037","series-title":"Galemys","first-page":"57","article-title":"Ecolog\u00eda tr\u00f3fica de la nutria pale\u00e1rtica Lutra lutra en el r\u00edo Francia (Cuenca del Tajo, Salamanca)","volume":"16","author":"Morales, J.J.","unstructured":"Morales, J.J., Lizana, M., Acera, F. (2004): Ecolog\u00eda tr\u00f3fica de la nutria pale\u00e1rtica Lutra lutra en el r\u00edo Francia (Cuenca del Tajo, Salamanca). Galemys 16: 57-77."},{"key":"R000038","series-title":"PLOS ONE","article-title":"Spatiotemporal effects of supplementary feeding of wild boar (Sus scrofa) on artificial ground nest depredation","volume":"10","author":"Oja, R.","unstructured":"Oja, R., Zilmer, K., Valdmann, H. (2015): Spatiotemporal effects of supplementary feeding of wild boar (Sus scrofa) on artificial ground nest depredation. PLOS ONE 10: e0135254."},{"key":"R000039","series-title":"Mol. Ecol.","first-page":"1931","article-title":"Who is eating what: diet assessment using next generation sequencing","volume":"21","author":"Pompanon, F.","unstructured":"Pompanon, F., Deagle, B.E., Symondson, W.O., Brown, D.S., Jarman, S.N., Taberlet, P. (2012): Who is eating what: diet assessment using next generation sequencing. Mol. Ecol. 21: 1931-1950."},{"key":"R000040","series-title":"Ecol. Evol.","article-title":"Top-predator carrion is scary: Fight-and-flight responses of wild boars to wolf carcasses","volume":"13","author":"Redondo-G\u00f3mez, D.","unstructured":"Redondo-G\u00f3mez, D., Rossi, L., Cardello, M., De Pasquale, S., Mart\u00ednez-Carrasco, C., S\u00e1nchez-Zapata, J.A., Mole\u00f3n, M. (2023): Top-predator carrion is scary: Fight-and-flight responses of wild boars to wolf carcasses. Ecol. Evol. 13: e9911."},{"key":"R000041","series-title":"Sci. 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In: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, pp.\u00a01-4. Shackelford, T.K., Weekes-Shackelford, V.A., Eds, Springer, Cham. DOI:10.1007\/978-3-319-19650-3_2669."},{"key":"R000044","series-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol.","first-page":"1338","article-title":"An amplicon sequencing protocol for attacker identification from DNA traces left on artificial prey","volume":"11","author":"R\u00f6\u00dfler, D.C.","unstructured":"R\u00f6\u00dfler, D.C., L\u00f6tters, S., Veith, M., Fugmann, M., Peters, C., K\u00fcnzel, S., Krehenwinkel, H. (2020): An amplicon sequencing protocol for attacker identification from DNA traces left on artificial prey. Methods Ecol. Evol. 11: 1338-1347."},{"key":"R000045","series-title":"Am. Midl. Nat.","first-page":"139","article-title":"Description of rich montane seeps and effects of wild pigs on the plant and salamander assemblages","volume":"175","author":"Rossell, C.R.","unstructured":"Rossell, C.R. 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