{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T02:16:20Z","timestamp":1777515380315,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Chinese Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>We focus this paper on higher education systems and related public policies in emerging societies and developing regions worldwide and observe that effective institutional autonomy and integrity of modern universities are to be promoted in a context where building human capital is a priority and alliances and partnerships among universities worldwide, as well as between them and industry, gain significant relevance. For those societies and regions, our analysis identifies ten different themes oriented towards norms that may be helpful in guiding the development of higher education systems and related public policies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1163\/22125868-12340004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,18]],"date-time":"2013-04-18T22:34:08Z","timestamp":1366324448000},"page":"196-234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Opening-Up Higher Education in Emerging Economies: Autonomy and Integrity on the Rise of Globalization"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Manuel","family":"Heitor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research, IN+ Instituto Superior Tecnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Horta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research, IN+ Instituto Superior Tecnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jae\/ejr027"},{"key":"bibr2-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1028315307303542"},{"key":"bibr3-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"Trends in Global Higher Education: Tracking an Academic Revolution","author":"Altbach Phillip G.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr4-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203321515_chapter_16"},{"key":"bibr5-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxrep\/grh015"},{"key":"bibr6-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"Teaching and Learning Science: A Guide to Recent Research and its Applications","author":"Bennett Judith","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr7-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"The Social Construction of Technological System","author":"Bijker Wiebe E.","year":"1987"},{"key":"bibr8-22125868-12340004","author":"Brown John Seely","year":"2011","journal-title":"A New Culture of Learning: Cultivating the Imagination for a World of Constant Change."},{"key":"bibr9-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03026276"},{"key":"bibr10-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"Creating Entrepreneurial University: Organizational Pathways of Transformation","author":"Clark Burton R.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr11-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-1625(00)00075-5","volume":"66","author":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o Pedro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr12-22125868-12340004","first-page":"413","volume":"6","author":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o Pedro","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal Technology, Policy and Management"},{"key":"bibr13-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"Innovation for All? Learning from the Portuguese Path to Technical Change and the Dynamics of Innovation.","author":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o Pedro","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr14-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-1625(02)00286-X"},{"key":"bibr15-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3152\/147154399781782617"},{"key":"bibr16-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-1625(03)00046-5"},{"key":"bibr17-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2004.03.002"},{"key":"bibr18-22125868-12340004","first-page":"301","volume-title":"Public-Private Dynamics in Higher Education: Expectations, Developments and Outcomes","author":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o Pedro","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr19-22125868-12340004","unstructured":"Cooke Phillip, Huggins Robert \u201cUniversity-Industry Relations in Wales.\u201d (working paper of Center for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences, UWCC, 1996)"},{"key":"bibr20-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2007.05.002"},{"key":"bibr21-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"The historical origin of \u2018open science\u2019\u2014An Essay on Patronage, Reputation and Common Agency Contracting in the Scientific Revolution","author":"David Paul","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr22-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"The making of economic policy: A transition-cost politics perspective\u2014Munich lectures in economics","author":"Dixit Avinash K.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr23-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9505-4_7"},{"key":"bibr24-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(02)00072-0"},{"key":"bibr25-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200330065"},{"key":"bibr26-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"University Autonomy in Europe II.","author":"Estermann Thomas","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr27-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"Increasing human resources for science and technology in Europe. High Level Group on Human Resources for Science and Technology","author":"European Commission","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr28-22125868-12340004","unstructured":"European Commission \u201cMapping Exercise on Doctoral Training in Europe\u2014towards a common approach,\u201d (report of the Working Group \u201cSkills\u201d to the Steering Committee on Human Resources and Mobility, June 2011)"},{"key":"bibr29-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"Science Education now: A renewed pedagogy for the future of Europe","author":"European Commission","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr30-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"Technology-Enabled Active Learning Environments: An Appraisal, CELE Exchange 2010\/7.","author":"Fisher Kenn","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr31-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"The Future of Science and Technology in Europe","author":"Gago Jos\u00e9 M.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr32-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"Tapping the Riches of Science: Universities and the Promise of Economic Growth","author":"Geiger Roger L.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr33-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2010.03.927"},{"key":"bibr34-22125868-12340004","first-page":"57","volume-title":"The Strategic Analysis of Universities: Microeconomic and Management Perspectives","author":"Gilliot Danielle","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr35-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"Independent legal status and universities as foundations","author":"Hasan Abrar","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr36-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3152\/030234208X377371"},{"key":"bibr37-22125868-12340004","author":"Heitor Manuel V.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science and Public Policy"},{"key":"bibr38-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2009.10.006"},{"key":"bibr39-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"The Mystery of Economic Growth.","author":"Helpman Elharan","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr40-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10734-009-9201-5"},{"key":"bibr41-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/hep.2009.20"},{"key":"bibr42-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3152\/030234208X299044"},{"key":"bibr43-22125868-12340004","first-page":"163","volume-title":"American Universities in a Global Market","author":"Kim Han E."},{"key":"bibr44-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1028315311398046"},{"key":"bibr45-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"Building Industrial Competitiveness in Developing Countries","author":"Lall Sanjaya","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr46-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2304\/pfie.2004.2.2.2"},{"key":"bibr47-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-5742-3_9"},{"key":"bibr48-22125868-12340004","unstructured":"Miller Steve, Caro Paul, Koulaidis Vassilis, de Semir Vladimir, Staveloz Walter, Vargas Rosalia Report from the Expert Group Benchmarking the promotion of RTD culture and Public Understanding of Science, (2002) ftp:\/\/ftp.cordis.europa.eu\/pub\/era\/docs\/bench_pus_0702.pdf"},{"key":"bibr49-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"Ecological Urbanism","author":"Mostafavi Mohsen","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr50-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"The Impact of Academic Research on Industrial Performance","author":"National Academy of Engineering (NAE)","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr51-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience and School.","author":"National Research Council","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr52-22125868-12340004","first-page":"54","volume-title":"Emerging Patterns of Social Demand and University Reform: Through a Glass Darkly","author":"Neave Guy","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr53-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2003.09.008"},{"key":"bibr54-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025505528250"},{"key":"bibr55-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education.","author":"Nussbaum Martha","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr56-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264112308-en"},{"key":"bibr57-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"Review of National Systems of Tertiary Education\u2014Portugal","author":"OECD","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr58-22125868-12340004","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Constructionism,","author":"Papert Seymour","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr59-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"To Understand is to Invent: The Future of Education.","author":"Piaget Jean","year":"1973"},{"key":"bibr60-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"The Experience Economy","author":"Pine Joseph B.","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr61-22125868-12340004","first-page":"520","volume":"153","author":"Relman Arnold S.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Western Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"bibr62-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"The Globalization and Development Reader: Perspectives on Development and Global Change.","author":"Roberts Timmons J.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr63-22125868-12340004","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Knowledge for Inclusive Development","author":"Rosenberg Nathan","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr64-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"From the Center: Design Process at SCI-Arc.","author":"Rotondi Michael","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr65-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"The new Argonauts: Regional Advantage in a Global Economy","author":"Saxenian Anna Lee","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr66-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128.","author":"Saxenian Anna Lee","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr67-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022318618200"},{"key":"bibr68-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"A Larger Sense of Purpose: Higher Education and Society.","author":"Shapiro Harold T.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr69-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12564-009-9011-6"},{"key":"bibr70-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emj.2008.03.005"},{"key":"bibr71-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"Campus\u2014An American Planning Tradition.","author":"Turner Paul V.","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr72-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13538320802507679"},{"key":"bibr73-22125868-12340004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520934047"},{"key":"bibr74-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"Theories and Practices of Development.","author":"Willis Katie","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr75-22125868-12340004","volume-title":"Public Knowledge: The Social Dimension of Science","author":"Ziman John","year":"1968"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Chinese Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/ijce\/1\/2\/article-p196_4.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1163\/22125868-12340004","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1163\/22125868-12340004","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1163\/22125868-12340004","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:55:03Z","timestamp":1777391703000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1163\/22125868-12340004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1163\/22125868-12340004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/22125868-12340004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2212-585X","2212-5868"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2212-585X","type":"print"},{"value":"2212-5868","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]}}}