{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T08:57:41Z","timestamp":1772096261581,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Insects Food Feed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Fractionation of edible insects and their rearing by-products can lead to expanded industrial applications and extraction of value-added products. The main goal of this study was to extract chitin and synthesise chitosan from three different insect sources \u2013\n                    <jats:italic>Tenebrio molitor<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae, adult\n                    <jats:italic>Acheta domesticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>A. domesticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    rearing by-products (legs and wings). Furthermore, the physicochemical, structural, and bioactive properties of insect-derived chitin and chitosan were characterised and compared to commercial crustacean-based samples. Chitin was isolated from defatted sources through chemical hydrolysis followed by decolourisation and was deacetylated with a strong alkaline solution to synthesise chitosan. Notably,\n                    <jats:italic>A. domesticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    rearing by-products yielded the highest chitin and chitosan content. Chitin and chitosan derived from insects exhibited physicochemical and structural characteristics consistent with the \u03b1-polymorphic form, similar to the commercial samples. Differences were found in surface morphology, with insect-derived samples presenting large and irregular flakes and porosity, while the crustacean-derived samples presented irregularly arranged fibres and a more regular and smoother surface. As for antioxidant activity, although all chitosan samples demonstrated poor DPPH radical scavenging activity, this study showed for the first time that insect-derived chitosan presents lipid peroxidation inhibition ability. All chitosan samples presented antimicrobial activity against different pathogenic bacteria, with\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    being the most susceptible strain. Nevertheless, there is potential for enhancement of the biological properties through modifications on the molecular weight and deacetylation degree. This research introduces the potential of cricket-rearing by-products as sustainable sources of chitosan with functional bioactive properties.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1163\/23524588-00001342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T04:48:53Z","timestamp":1736916533000},"page":"1633-1651","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Insect-based chitin and chitosan from whole body sources and rearing by-products: extraction, physicochemical, structural and bioactivity characterisation"],"prefix":"10.1163","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8826-4913","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"P.","family":"Navarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenUPorto\/Inov4Agro, DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Campus de Vaira\u0303o, Rua da Agra\u0301ria, 747, 4485-646 Vila do Conde, Portugal"},{"name":"CICS-UBI-Centro de Investigac\u0327a\u0303o em Cie\u0302ncias da Sau\u0301de, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilha\u0303, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2106-7979","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J.C.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenUPorto\/Inov4Agro, DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Campus de Vaira\u0303o, Rua da Agra\u0301ria, 747, 4485-646 Vila do Conde, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0712-6522","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"A\u0302.","family":"Lu\u0131\u0301s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI-Centro de Investigac\u0327a\u0303o em Cie\u0302ncias da Sau\u0301de, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilha\u0303, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9540-0853","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"F.","family":"Domingues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI-Centro de Investigac\u0327a\u0303o em Cie\u0302ncias da Sau\u0301de, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilha\u0303, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0267-3252","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"O.","family":"Anjos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERNAS-IPCB, Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Polytechnic University of Castelo Branco, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Biotecnologia de Plantas da Beira Interior, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Laborato\u0301rio Associado TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4590-7533","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"L.M.","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenUPorto\/Inov4Agro, DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Campus de Vaira\u0303o, Rua da Agra\u0301ria, 747, 4485-646 Vila do Conde, Portugal"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"R000001","series-title":"Food Chemistry","first-page":"493","article-title":"Antioxidant, antifungal and antiviral activities of chitosan from the larvae of housefly, Musca domestica L.","volume":"132","author":"Ai, H.","unstructured":"Ai, H., Wang, F., Xia, Y., Chen, X. and Lei, C., 2012. Antioxidant, antifungal and antiviral activities of chitosan from the larvae of housefly, Musca domestica L. Food Chemistry 132: 493-498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.11.033"},{"key":"R000002","series-title":"Carbohydrate Polymers","first-page":"419","article-title":"Preparation and biological activities of chitosan from the larvae of housefly, Musca domestica","volume":"72","author":"Ai, H.","unstructured":"Ai, H., Wang, F., Yang, Q., Zhu, F. and Lei, C., 2008. Preparation and biological activities of chitosan from the larvae of housefly, Musca domestica. Carbohydrate Polymers 72: 419-423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2007.09.010"},{"key":"R000003","series-title":"International Journal of Polymer Science","article-title":"Formulation of insect chitosan stabilized silver nanoparticles with propolis extract as potent antimicrobial and wound healing composites","volume":"2021","author":"Al-saggaf, M.S.","unstructured":"Al-saggaf, M.S. and Saravanan, R., 2021. Formulation of insect chitosan stabilized silver nanoparticles with propolis extract as potent antimicrobial and wound healing composites. International Journal of Polymer Science 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/5578032"},{"key":"R000004","series-title":"Food Technology and Biotechnology","first-page":"12","article-title":"Chitin extraction from crustacean shells using biological methods \u2013 a review","volume":"51","author":"Arbia, W.","unstructured":"Arbia, W., Arbia, L., Adour, L. and Amrane, A., 2012. Chitin extraction from crustacean shells using biological methods \u2013 a review. Food Technology and Biotechnology 51: 12-25."},{"key":"R000005","series-title":"Trends in Food Science & Technology","first-page":"35","article-title":"Edible insects: an overview on nutritional characteristics, safety, farming, production technologies, regulatory framework, and socio-economic and ethical implications","volume":"100","author":"Baiano, A.","unstructured":"Baiano, A., 2020. Edible insects: an overview on nutritional characteristics, safety, farming, production technologies, regulatory framework, and socio-economic and ethical implications. Trends in Food Science & Technology 100: 35-50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.03.040"},{"key":"R000006","series-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology","first-page":"1208","article-title":"Antibacterial\/antifungal activity of extracted chitosan from American cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattidae) and German cockroach (Blattodea: Blattellidae)","volume":"56","author":"Basseri, H.","unstructured":"Basseri, H., Bakhtiyari, R., Hashemi, S.J., Baniardelani, M., Shahraki, H. and Hosainpour, L., 2019. Antibacterial\/antifungal activity of extracted chitosan from American cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattidae) and German cockroach (Blattodea: Blattellidae). 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Comparison in antioxidant action between \u03b1-chitosan and \u03b2-chitosan at a wide range of molecular weight and chitosan concentration. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry 20: 2905-2911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bmc.2012.03.020"},{"key":"R000029","series-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules","first-page":"402","article-title":"Extraction, characterization and comparison of chitins from large bodied four Coleoptera and Orthoptera species","volume":"145","author":"Kabalak, M.","unstructured":"Kabalak, M., Aracag\u00f6k, D. and Torun, M., 2020. Extraction, characterization and comparison of chitins from large bodied four Coleoptera and Orthoptera species. 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Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 20: 168-179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12257-014-0391-z"},{"key":"R000032","series-title":"Materials Science and Engineering C","first-page":"72","article-title":"Physicochemical comparison of chitin and chitosan obtained from larvae and adult Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)","volume":"45","author":"Kaya, M.","unstructured":"Kaya, M., Baran, T., Erdogan, S., Mentes, A., Ozusaglam, M.A. and Cakmak, Y.S., 2014a. Physicochemical comparison of chitin and chitosan obtained from larvae and adult Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). Materials Science and Engineering C 45: 72-81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msec.2014.09.004"},{"key":"R000033","series-title":"Food Biophysics","first-page":"145","article-title":"Extraction and characterization of \u03b1-chitin and chitosan from six different aquatic invertebrates","volume":"9","author":"Kaya, M.","unstructured":"Kaya, M., Baran, T., Mentes, A., Asaroglu, M., Sezen, G. and Tozak, K.O., 2014b. Extraction and characterization of \u03b1-chitin and chitosan from six different aquatic invertebrates. Food Biophysics 9: 145-157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11483-013-9327-y"},{"key":"R000034","series-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules","first-page":"443","article-title":"Surface morphology of chitin highly related with the isolated body part of butterfly (Argynnis pandora)","volume":"81","author":"Kaya, M.","unstructured":"Kaya, M., Bitim, B., Mujtaba, M. and Koyuncu, T., 2015b. Surface morphology of chitin highly related with the isolated body part of butterfly (Argynnis pandora). International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 81: 443-449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.021"},{"key":"R000035","series-title":"Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology","first-page":"96","article-title":"Gender influences differentiation of chitin among body parts","volume":"93","author":"Kaya, M.","unstructured":"Kaya, M., Bulut, E., Mujtaba, M., Sivickis, K., Sargin, I., Akyuz, B. and Erdogan, S., 2016a. Gender influences differentiation of chitin among body parts. 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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 72: 797-805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2014.09.034"},{"key":"R000037","series-title":"Carbohydrate Polymers","first-page":"162","article-title":"Biological, mechanical, optical and physicochemical properties of natural chitin films obtained from the dorsal pronotum and the wing of cockroach","volume":"163","author":"Kaya, M.","unstructured":"Kaya, M., Sargin, I., Sabeckis, I., Noreikaite, D., Erdonmez, D., Salaberria, A.M., Labidi, J., Baublys, V. and Tubelyte, V., 2017. Biological, mechanical, optical and physicochemical properties of natural chitin films obtained from the dorsal pronotum and the wing of cockroach. 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