{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T08:33:43Z","timestamp":1772094823391,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":208,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Insects Food Feed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This BugBook article provides an overview of edible insect toxicological concerns, focusing on exposure routes, mechanisms of toxicity, and assessment endpoints relevant to human and environmental health. Insects are exposed to contaminants through dermal, oral, injection, and inhalation routes. This article explores key toxicity mechanisms, including neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption, oxidative stress, and immune suppression, emphasising their implications for toxicity in insects. Methodological approaches to assess the toxicity of contaminants, such as topical application, dietary exposures, bioaccumulation assays, and advanced modelling techniques, are discussed, highlighting their adaptability for edible insect species. Standardised protocols, such as those from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), are presented whenever possible (excluding bees). Data analyses, interpretation, and modelling are briefly summarised, along with examples and case studies that highlight the relevance of toxicity testing for ensuring food safety, regulatory compliance, and sustainable insect farming practices. Bioaccumulation studies using toxicokinetics modelling reveal insights into contaminant uptake and elimination in relevant edible insect species, supporting practical applications like depuration periods in rearing facilities. By addressing current gaps in methodologies and providing a roadmap for ecotoxicological research, this article aims to guide policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders in promoting safe and sustainable practices for the insect-based food and feed sector. The findings underscore the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in harmonising global standards, safeguarding public health, and advancing circular bioeconomy goals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1163\/23524588-bja10322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T14:37:34Z","timestamp":1762958254000},"page":"535-559","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["BugBook: Ecotoxicology, hazard, and safety in insects"],"prefix":"10.1163","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5754-0743","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Diogo\u00a0N.","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/56062University of Aveiro, Campus Universita\u0301rio de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7747-4699","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marija","family":"Prodana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/56062University of Aveiro, Campus Universita\u0301rio de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0689-639X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ana\u00a0Rita\u00a0R.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/56062University of Aveiro, Campus Universita\u0301rio de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6772-3762","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rui\u00a0G.","family":"Morgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/56062University of Aveiro, Campus Universita\u0301rio de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4901-5399","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jose\u0301\u00a0N.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/56062University of Aveiro, Campus Universita\u0301rio de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5393-9623","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susana","family":"Loureiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/56062University of Aveiro, Campus Universita\u0301rio de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"R000001","series-title":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","article-title":"Fitness cost, realized heritability and stability of resistance to spiromesifen in house fly, Musca domestica L. 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