{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:22:04Z","timestamp":1775197324879,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]],"date-time":"2006-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1149120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Limited data exist describing risk factors for mortality in patients having predominantly emphysema.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Subjects and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 609 patients with severe emphysema (ages 40\u201383 yr; 64.2% male) randomized to the medical therapy arm of the National Emphysema Treatment Trial formed the study group. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to investigate risk factors for all-cause mortality. Risk factors examined included demographics, body mass index, physiologic data, quality of life, dyspnea, oxygen utilization, hemoglobin, smoking history, quantitative emphysema markers on computed tomography, and a modification of a recently described multifunctional index (modified BODE).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, high mortality was seen in this cohort (12.7 deaths per 100 person-years; 292 total deaths). In multivariate analyses, increasing age (p = 0.001), oxygen utilization (p = 0.04), lower total lung capacity % predicted (p = 0.05), higher residual volume % predicted (p = 0.04), lower maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing workload (p = 0.002), greater proportion of emphysema in the lower lung zone versus the upper lung zone (p = 0.005), and lower upper-to-lower-lung perfusion ratio (p = 0.007), and modified BODE (p = 0.02) were predictive of mortality. FEV1 was a significant predictor of mortality in univariate analysis (p = 0.005), but not in multivariate analysis (p = 0.21).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although patients with advanced emphysema experience significant mortality, subgroups based on age, oxygen utilization, physiologic measures, exercise capacity, and emphysema distribution identify those at increased risk of death.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200510-1677oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,16]],"date-time":"2006-03-16T20:44:53Z","timestamp":1142541893000},"page":"1326-1334","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":328,"title":["Predictors of Mortality in Patients with Emphysema and Severe Airflow Obstruction"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"173","author":[{"given":"Fernando J.","family":"Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Epidemiology and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Section of Thoracic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Pulmonary Sciences, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and Department of"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Epidemiology and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Section of Thoracic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Pulmonary Sciences, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and Department of"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey L.","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Epidemiology and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Section of Thoracic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Pulmonary Sciences, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and Department of"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"Criner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Epidemiology and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Section of Thoracic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Pulmonary Sciences, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and Department of"}]},{"given":"Gail","family":"Weinmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Epidemiology and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Section of Thoracic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Pulmonary Sciences, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and Department of"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Fishman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Epidemiology and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Section of Thoracic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Pulmonary Sciences, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and Department of"}]},{"given":"Malcolm M.","family":"DeCamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Epidemiology and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Section of Thoracic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Pulmonary Sciences, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and Department of"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Benditt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Epidemiology and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Section of Thoracic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Pulmonary Sciences, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and Department of"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Sciurba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Epidemiology and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Section of Thoracic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Pulmonary Sciences, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and Department of"}]},{"given":"Barry","family":"Make","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Epidemiology and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Section of Thoracic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Pulmonary Sciences, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and Department of"}]},{"given":"Zab","family":"Mohsenifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Epidemiology and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Section of Thoracic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Pulmonary Sciences, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and Department of"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Epidemiology and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Section of Thoracic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Pulmonary Sciences, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and Department of"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Epidemiology and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Section of Thoracic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Pulmonary Sciences, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and Department of"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Epidemiology and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care 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