{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T20:27:49Z","timestamp":1774124869548,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,1]],"date-time":"2009-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Understanding normal lung development and aging in health and disease, both in men and in women, is essential to interpreting any therapeutic intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to describe lung function changes in healthy never-smoking males and females, from adolescence to old age, and to determine the effects of smoking and those derived from quitting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective cohort study within all participants of the Framingham Offspring cohort who had two or more valid spirometry measurements during follow-up (n = 4,391; age range at baseline 13 to 71 yr), with a median follow-up time of 23 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To best fit the curves describing FEV1 changes with age to raw data, we used a generalized additive model with smooth terms and incorporating the subject-specific (longitudinal) random effects. We found that: (1) healthy never-smoker females achieve full lung growth earlier than males, and their rate of decline with age was slightly, but not significantly, lower; (2) smoking increases the rate of lung function decline, both in males and in females; (3) there is a range of susceptibility to the effects of smoking. The presence of respiratory symptoms at baseline and\/or a respiratory diagnosis during follow-up appears to identify a group of susceptible smokers; and (4) quitting smoking has a beneficial effect at any age, but it is more pronounced in earlier quitters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lung function changes from adolescence to old age differ in males and females, smoking has similar deleterious effects in both sexes, and quitting earlier is better.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200901-0047oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,2]],"date-time":"2009-04-02T22:03:41Z","timestamp":1238709821000},"page":"3-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":512,"title":["The Natural History of Chronic Airflow Obstruction Revisited"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"180","author":[{"given":"Robab","family":"Kohansal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Fundaci\u00f3n Caubet-CIMERA Illes Balears, International Centre for Advanced Respiratory Medicine, Bunyola, Illes Balears, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD, Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Martinez-Camblor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Fundaci\u00f3n Caubet-CIMERA Illes Balears, International Centre for Advanced Respiratory Medicine, Bunyola, Illes Balears, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biome\u00b4dica en Red de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBEResp), Subdirecci\u00f3n de Salud P\u00fablica de Gipuzkoa, Donostia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Alvar","family":"Agusti\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Fundaci\u00f3n Caubet-CIMERA Illes Balears, International Centre for Advanced Respiratory Medicine, Bunyola, Illes Balears, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biome\u00b4dica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERes), Spain"},{"name":"Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitari Son Dureta, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain"}]},{"given":"A. Sonia","family":"Buist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Mannino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Lexington, Kentucky"}]},{"given":"Joan B.","family":"Soriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Fundaci\u00f3n Caubet-CIMERA Illes Balears, International Centre for Advanced Respiratory Medicine, Bunyola, Illes Balears, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biome\u00b4dica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERes), 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