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As such, it plays a prominent role not only in the physiologic vasculogenesis and angiogenesis characteristic of embryogenesis and inflammation and repair but also in vascular disorders such as the arterial thickening associated with pulmonary hypertension. The actions of TGF-\u03b2 on these vascular cells in vitro and in vivo are extremely complex. In vitro, TGF-\u03b2 inhibits both the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells in monolayer culture, but it promotes organization of the cells into tubelike structures in three-dimensional culture in collagen gels. TGF-\u03b2 also increases synthesis of fibronectin and decreases secretion of proteases by both endothelial cells and fibroblasts; the resultant changes in matrix composition could mediate the effects of TGF-\u03b2 on both the growth and phenotype of these cells, and overexpression could contribute to fibrosis. TGF-\u03b2 also regulates the synthesis by endothelial cells of platelet-derived growth factor, which can stimulate growth of vascular smooth muscle cells. In vivo, TGF-\u03b2 stimulates neovascularization at local sites of injection and also is angiogenic when assayed in the rabbit cornea or on the chick chorioallantoic membrane. However, because angiogenesis involves the participation of many different cell types, effects of TGF-\u03b2 on inflammatory cells must also be considered. Thus, the ability of TGF-\u03b2 to chemoattract macrophages and to increase expression by the cells of mRNAs for several growth factors known to act on endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts must also be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/140.4.1126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,4]],"date-time":"2013-04-04T17:10:25Z","timestamp":1365095425000},"page":"1126-1128","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Regulation of Endothelial Cell Growth, Architecture, and Matrix Synthesis by TGF-\u03b2"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"Anita B.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Laboratory of Chemoprevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael B.","family":"Sporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Laboratory of Chemoprevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1989,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.13.4715"},{"key":"p_19","first-page":"1186","volume":"2","year":"1988","journal-title":"Endocrinol"},{"key":"p_24","first-page":"7155","volume":"258","year":"1983","journal-title":"Chern"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.102.4.1217"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.16.5600"},{"key":"p_50","first-page":"295","volume":"137","year":"1986","journal-title":"Commun"},{"key":"p_54","first-page":"80","volume":"233","year":"1986","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"p_62","first-page":"547","volume":"90","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"p_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)47804-0","volume":"262","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Bioi Chern"},{"key":"p_78","unstructured":"forming growth factor-B. 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