{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T08:31:03Z","timestamp":1775205063882,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1993,3,1]],"date-time":"1993-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":730944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To determine the types of pulmonary disease associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, we conducted a prospective study of 302 consecutive patients admitted for acute respiratory disease to a university hospital in Bujumbura, Burundi. Diagnoses were made according to well-defined criteria. Of the total, 222 patients (73.5%) were HIV seropositive, with women younger than men. Features suggestive of underlying HIV infection were the clinical findings of oral thrush, peripheral lymphadenopathy, or herpes zoster and the radiographic abnormalities of hilar-mediastinal adenopathy or a reticulonodular infiltrate. Tuberculosis and community-acquired pneumonia occurred with approximately equal frequency in the HIV-seropositive and seronegative groups. Pneumocysitis carinii pneumonia was diagnosed in 11 patients, all seropositive. Gram-negative bacteremia, especially Salmonella typhimurium, occurred in 23 seropositive patients (10.4%). A total of 24 seropositive patients died during the initial hospitalization, and 11 others required readmission; no seronegative patients died or were rehospitalized. We conclude that HIV infection is a major risk factor for the development of acute respiratory diseases in adults of sufficient severity to require hospitalization in Bujumbura, Burundi. In this Central African country, where exposure to virulent bacterial pathogens is ubiquitous, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and salmonellosis occur with much greater frequency than classic AIDS-defining opportunistic infections or malignancies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/147.3.658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,4]],"date-time":"2013-04-04T17:41:07Z","timestamp":1365097267000},"page":"658-663","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Pulmonary Complications of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Bujumbura, Burundi"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"Gaspard","family":"Kamanfu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Medical Biology, University of Bujumbura School of Medicine, Burundi and INSERM Unit\u00e9 13, H\u00f4pital Claude Bernard and the Laboratory of Parasitology, H\u00f4pital Tenon, Paris"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Najoua","family":"Mlika-Cabanne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Medical Biology, University of Bujumbura School of Medicine, Burundi and INSERM Unit\u00e9 13, H\u00f4pital Claude Bernard and the Laboratory of Parasitology, H\u00f4pital Tenon, Paris"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Marie","family":"Girard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Medical Biology, University of Bujumbura School of Medicine, Burundi and INSERM Unit\u00e9 13, H\u00f4pital Claude Bernard and the Laboratory of Parasitology, H\u00f4pital Tenon, Paris"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stanislas","family":"Nimubona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Medical Biology, University of Bujumbura School of Medicine, Burundi and INSERM Unit\u00e9 13, H\u00f4pital Claude Bernard and the Laboratory of Parasitology, H\u00f4pital Tenon, Paris"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barnabas","family":"Mpfizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Medical Biology, University of Bujumbura School of Medicine, Burundi and INSERM Unit\u00e9 13, H\u00f4pital Claude Bernard and the Laboratory of Parasitology, H\u00f4pital Tenon, Paris"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Am\u00e9d\u00e9e","family":"Cishako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Medical Biology, University of Bujumbura School of Medicine, Burundi and INSERM Unit\u00e9 13, H\u00f4pital Claude Bernard and the Laboratory of Parasitology, H\u00f4pital Tenon, Paris"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Roux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Medical Biology, University of Bujumbura School of Medicine, Burundi and INSERM Unit\u00e9 13, H\u00f4pital Claude Bernard and the Laboratory of Parasitology, H\u00f4pital Tenon, Paris"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Coulaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Medical Biology, University of Bujumbura School of Medicine, Burundi and INSERM Unit\u00e9 13, H\u00f4pital Claude Bernard and the Laboratory of Parasitology, H\u00f4pital Tenon, Paris"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Larouz\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Medical Biology, University of Bujumbura School of Medicine, Burundi and INSERM Unit\u00e9 13, H\u00f4pital Claude Bernard and the Laboratory of Parasitology, H\u00f4pital Tenon, Paris"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Aubry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Medical Biology, University of Bujumbura School of Medicine, Burundi and INSERM Unit\u00e9 13, H\u00f4pital Claude Bernard and the Laboratory of Parasitology, H\u00f4pital Tenon, Paris"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John F.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Medical Biology, University of Bujumbura School of Medicine, Burundi and INSERM Unit\u00e9 13, H\u00f4pital Claude Bernard and the Laboratory of Parasitology, H\u00f4pital Tenon, Paris"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1993,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(90)90446-L","volume":"84","author":"Fleming AF","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trans A Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199008093230605"},{"key":"p_3","first-page":"1","volume":"68","author":"Chin J","year":"1990","journal-title":"Bull WHO"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(88)90001-6","volume":"82","author":"Lucas SB","year":"1988","journal-title":"Trans A Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"p_5","first-page":"501","volume":"143","author":"Braun MM","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am Aev Aespir Dis"},{"key":"p_6","first-page":"185","volume":"143","author":"Erike PP","year":"1991","journal-title":"Uganda. Am Aev Aespir Dis"},{"key":"p_7","first-page":"1082","volume":"139","author":"Colebunders AL","year":"1989","journal-title":"Zaire. Am Aev Aespir Dis"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0954-6111(08)80039-X"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-198903010-00012","volume":"3","author":"Lucas S","year":"1989","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"p_10","first-page":"281","volume":"65","author":"Acquired","year":"1990","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiol Aec"},{"key":"p_11","first-page":"568","volume":"37","author":"Aubry P","year":"1990","journal-title":"Med Afr Noire"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198406213102529"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(85)90334-1"},{"key":"p_14","first-page":"17","volume":"7","author":"Kamanfu G","year":"1989","journal-title":"Kamenge. Aev Med Bujumbura"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0962-8479(92)90087-Z"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1989.5.247"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90216-R"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199106063242307"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199201233260404"},{"key":"p_20","first-page":"772","volume":"49","author":"Barr AD","year":"1972","journal-title":"Nairobi. East Afr Med J"},{"key":"p_21","first-page":"480","volume":"53","author":"Slack ACB","year":"1976","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)92096-Z","volume":"336","author":"Gilks CF","year":"1990","journal-title":"Kenya. Lancet"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-198808000-00005"},{"key":"p_24","first-page":"133","volume":"4","author":"Chaisson RE","year":"1989","journal-title":"Semin Aespir Infect"},{"key":"p_25","first-page":"289","volume":"71","author":"Pincus PS","year":"1987","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"p_26","first-page":"102","author":"Lucas SB","year":"1986","journal-title":"London: Balliere"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(91)90167-W","volume":"85","author":"Carme B","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trans A SocTrop Med Hyg"},{"key":"p_28","first-page":"617","volume":"145","author":"Abouya VL","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Aev Aespir Dis"},{"key":"p_29","first-page":"A821","volume":"145","author":"Daley CL","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Rev Aespir Dis"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(90)90087-U"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(82)90273-5","volume":"76","author":"Griffin L","year":"1982","journal-title":"Trans A Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"p_32","first-page":"249","volume":"46","author":"Laroche A","year":"1986","journal-title":"Med Trop"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02681219180000051"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-198902000-00004"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)90240-X"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01962170"},{"key":"p_37","first-page":"21","volume":"63","author":"Slutkin G","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2017676"}],"container-title":["American Review of Respiratory Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/147\/3\/658\/67756538\/ajrccm_147_3_658.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/147\/3\/658\/67756538\/ajrccm_147_3_658.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:42:25Z","timestamp":1775198545000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article\/147\/3\/658\/8556489"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,3,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1993,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/ajrccm\/147.3.658","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-0805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-0805","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[1993,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,3,1]]}}}