{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T14:24:03Z","timestamp":1774621443476,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,12,1]],"date-time":"1997-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":880934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional tuberculin survey among non-BCG-vaccinated Canadian-born schoolchildren in grades 6 and 10, health professional students, and young adult workers, to estimate the association of tuberculin reactions with indices of contact with tuberculosis. Participants underwent simultaneous tuberculin testing with PPD-T (standard) and PPD-B (from M. intracellulare). Exposure was estimated from questionnaire responses, group, aggregate census, and tuberculosis incidence data. Of 3,710 participants, 88 (2.4%) had positive tuberculin reactions, i.e., of 10 + mm. Positive tuberculin reactions were rarely associated with larger reactions to PPD-B, but were associated with older age (adjusted odds ratio for each 5 years: 1.5 [95% confidence interval, 1.3, 1.8]), household contact (4.2 [1.4, 12.7]), and population group (health professional versus all others: 0.6 [0.3, 1.0]). Estimated annual risk of infection declined by 3% per year. Tuberculin reactions were not associated with any indices of contact in school, work or neighborhood settings with foreign-born from tuberculosis endemic areas, nor with tuberculosis in Canadian-born. There was no evidence of transmission of tuberculosis from affected high risk sub-groups in Montreal to the general population working or attending school.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.6.9704017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,4]],"date-time":"2013-04-04T13:26:37Z","timestamp":1365081997000},"page":"1915-1921","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Impact of Immigration on Tuberculosis Infection Among Canadian-born Schoolchildren and Young Adults in Montreal"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"156","author":[{"given":"DICK","family":"MENZIES","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Montreal Chest Institute and Respiratory Epidemiology Unit, McGill University; and Facult\u00e9 des Sciences Infirmi\u00e8res (Nursing Sciences), Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"CHUN","family":"HO CHAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Montreal Chest Institute and Respiratory Epidemiology Unit, McGill University; and Facult\u00e9 des Sciences Infirmi\u00e8res (Nursing Sciences), Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"BILKIS","family":"VISSANDJ\u00c9E","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Montreal Chest Institute and Respiratory Epidemiology Unit, McGill University; and Facult\u00e9 des Sciences Infirmi\u00e8res (Nursing Sciences), Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032709263994800_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199504203321606","article-title":"The Epidemiology of tuberculosis among foreign-born persons in the United States, 1986\u2013 1993.","volume":"332","author":"McKenna","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Engl. J Med."},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B2","first-page":"244","article-title":"Tuberculosis in Canada: a focal disease requiring distinct control strategies for different risk groups.","volume":"24","author":"Gaudette","year":"1994","journal-title":"Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B3","first-page":"246","article-title":"Screening and treatment of immigrants and refugees to Canada for tuberculosis: implications of the experience of Canada and other industrialized countries.","volume":"6","author":"Thomas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recent advances in epidemiologic research in tuberculosis.","volume":"20","author":"Styblo","year":"1980","journal-title":"Adv. Tuberc. Res."},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199502000-00006","article-title":"Tuberculosis in children younger than five years old: New York City.","volume":"14","author":"Driver","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.40.4.357","article-title":"Changes in annual tuberculosis notification rates between 1978\/ 79 and 1983 for the population of Indian subcontinent ethnic origin resident in England.","volume":"40","author":"Nunn","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B7","first-page":"90","article-title":"Contacts of cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis.","volume":"50","author":"Grzybowski","year":"1975","journal-title":"Bull. I.U.A.T."},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B8","first-page":"157","article-title":"Epidemics of tuberculosis.","volume":"14","author":"Lincoln","year":"1965","journal-title":"Adv. Tuberc. Res."},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92698-S","article-title":"Molecular approach to identifying route of transmission of tuberculosis in the community.","volume":"342","author":"Genewein","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199406163302403","article-title":"Transmission of tuberculosis in New York City: an analysis by DNA fingerprinting and conventional and molecular methods.","volume":"330","author":"Alland","year":"1994","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199406163302402","article-title":"The epidemiology of tuberculosis in San Francisco: a population-based study using conventional and molecular methods.","volume":"330","author":"Small","year":"1994","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B12"},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B13","first-page":"159","article-title":"L'egalite sociale face a la moralite a Montreal, 1975\u2013 1977.","volume":"9","author":"Wilkins","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cahiers Quebecois de Demographie"},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/146.3.752","article-title":"Factors associated with tuberculin reactivity among the foreign-born in Montreal.","volume":"146","author":"Menzies","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/145.3.621","article-title":"Effect of Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination on tuberculin reactivity.","volume":"145","author":"Menzies","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197509042931013","article-title":"Measurement of delayed skin-test responses.","volume":"293","author":"Sokal","year":"1975","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(59)80280-8","article-title":"Experimental and Epidemiologic Basis for the interpretation of tuberculin sensitivity.","volume":"55","author":"Palmer","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B18","first-page":"1334","article-title":"Identification of tuberculosis infected: dual tests and density of reaction.","volume":"108","author":"Edwards","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sensitivity to \u201catypical\u201d acid-fast mycobacteria in Canada.","volume":"100","author":"Jeanes","year":"1969","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B20"},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Estimation of the annual risk of tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis Surveillance Research Unit.","volume":"51(Suppl.)","author":"Styblo","year":"1978","journal-title":"Bull. I.U.A.T."},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520270054031","article-title":"Global epidemiology of tuberculosis: morbidity and mortality of a worldwide epidemic.","volume":"273","author":"Raviglione","year":"1995","journal-title":"J.A.M.A."},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B23"},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B24"},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B25"},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/145.2_Pt_1.271","article-title":"Epidemiology of infection by nontuberculous mycobacteria.","volume":"145","author":"Kirschner","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B27"},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.34.2.87","article-title":"The study of mortality variations in small administrative areas of England and Wales with specific reference to cancer.","volume":"34","author":"Davies","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Commun. Hlth."},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.295.6601.754","article-title":"Association between mortality among women and socio-economic factors in general practices in Edinburgh: an application of small areas statistics.","volume":"295","author":"Alexander","year":"1987","journal-title":"B.M.J."},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199506000-00001","article-title":"Management of mycobacterial infection and disease in children.","volume":"14","author":"Starke","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B31","first-page":"895","article-title":"National survey of tuberculosis notifications in England and Wales 1978\u20139.","volume":"281","author":"Medical Research Council Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases Unit","year":"1980","journal-title":"B.M.J."},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B32","first-page":"163","article-title":"The geographical distribution of tuberculosis notifications in a national survey of England and Wales in 1983.","volume":"67","author":"Medical Research Council Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases Unit","year":"1986","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115246","article-title":"The incidence of active tuberculosis in a large urban area.","volume":"126","author":"Enarson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530280057037","article-title":"Transmission of tuberculosis among the urban homeless.","volume":"275","author":"Barnes","year":"1996","journal-title":"J.A.M.A."},{"key":"2026032709263994800_B35"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/156\/6\/1915\/67451100\/ajrccm_156_6_1915.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/156\/6\/1915\/67451100\/ajrccm_156_6_1915.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T13:26:49Z","timestamp":1774618009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article\/156\/6\/1915\/8531177"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,12,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/ajrccm.156.6.9704017","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-449X","1535-4970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-449X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[1997,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,12,1]]}}}