{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T02:12:27Z","timestamp":1774663947114,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]],"date-time":"1998-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":883612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Between 1990 and 1994, we conducted a prospective study in five methadone maintenance clinics in San Francisco to determine the rate of tuberculosis (TB) in injection drug users, including those who were anergic. Of the 1,745 persons seen in the clinics, 1,109 completed an evaluation that included skin testing with tuberculin and at least two other antigens (mumps, tetanus, and \/ or Candida), as well as HIV testing. All persons with a positive tuberculin skin test (TST) and anergic individuals who had radiographic evidence of tuberculous infection (i.e., calcified granulomas) were offered isoniazid (INH) preventive therapy. The median follow-up was 22.0 mo. There were 338 (30.5%) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive patients and 771 (69.5%) HIV-seronegative patients; 96 (28.0%) and 336 (44.0%), respectively, had positive TSTs. Of the HIV-seropositive subjects, 108 (31.9%) had no reaction to any of the three antigens, and were therefore classified as anergic. The rate of TB among the HIV-seropositive, TST-positive patients who did not take INH preventive therapy was 5.0 per 100 person-yr, compared with 0.4 per 100 person-yr among the HIV-seronegative, TST-positive patients (p = 0.007). There were no cases of TB among the anergic subjects. These data indicate that INH preventive therapy is not routinely indicated in anergic, HIV-seropostive patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.1.9701111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,4]],"date-time":"2013-04-04T13:30:55Z","timestamp":1365082255000},"page":"19-22","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Incidence of Tuberculosis in Injection Drug Users in San Francisco: Impact of Anergy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"157","author":[{"given":"CHARLES L.","family":"DALEY","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Service, San Francisco General Hospital; Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco; and Division of Tuberculosis Control, Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JUDITH A.","family":"HAHN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Service, San Francisco General Hospital; Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco; and Division of Tuberculosis Control, Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ANDREW R.","family":"MOSS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Service, San Francisco General Hospital; Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco; and Division of Tuberculosis Control, Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"PHILIP C.","family":"HOPEWELL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Service, San Francisco General Hospital; Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco; and Division of Tuberculosis Control, Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"GISELA F.","family":"SCHECTER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Service, San Francisco General Hospital; Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco; and Division of Tuberculosis Control, Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032709094761900_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198903023200901","article-title":"A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection.","volume":"320","author":"Selwyn","year":"1989","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2026032709094761900_B2","first-page":"1345","article-title":"A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among HIV- infected patients.","volume":"7","author":"Guelar","year":"1993","journal-title":"A.I.D.S."},{"key":"2026032709094761900_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480030047035","article-title":"Prevalence of tuberculin positivity and skin test anergy in HIV-1 seropositive and seronegative intravenous drug users.","volume":"267","author":"Graham","year":"1992","journal-title":"J.A.M.A."},{"key":"2026032709094761900_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-3-199308010-00002","article-title":"Tuberculin and anergy testing in HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative persons.","volume":"119","author":"Markowitz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"2026032709094761900_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03490040080029","article-title":"High risk of active tuberculosis in HIV- infected drug users with cutaneous anergy.","volume":"268","author":"Selwyn","year":"1992","journal-title":"J.A.M.A."},{"key":"2026032709094761900_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-3-199308010-00003","article-title":"Risk for developing tuberculosis among anergic patients infected with HIV.","volume":"119","author":"Moreno","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"2026032709094761900_B7"},{"key":"2026032709094761900_B8"},{"key":"2026032709094761900_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199406163302402","article-title":"The epidemiology of tuberculosis in San Francisco.","volume":"330","author":"Small","year":"1994","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. 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Dis."},{"key":"2026032709094761900_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1996.00440080089010","article-title":"Effect of isoniazid chemoprophylaxis on HIV-related mycobacterial disease.","volume":"156","author":"Graham","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"2026032709094761900_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.153.6.8665065","article-title":"Reliability of anergy skin testing in persons with HIV infection.","volume":"153","author":"Chin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/157\/1\/19\/67446035\/ajrccm_157_1_19.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/157\/1\/19\/67446035\/ajrccm_157_1_19.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T13:09:52Z","timestamp":1774616992000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article\/157\/1\/19\/8530997"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/ajrccm.157.1.9701111","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-449X","1535-4970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-449X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[1998,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]]}}}