{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T02:25:38Z","timestamp":1792635938634,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]],"date-time":"1998-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":883612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We tested the hypothesis that airway surface liquid (ASL) electrolyte composition is altered in infants with cystic fibrosis (CF) and that the presence of airway inflammation affects ASL composition. We measured the tracheal ASL sodium and chloride concentration and examined bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cytology, interleukin-8 (IL-8) concentrations, and quantitative bacterial culture in 19 infants and young children with CF. Seven infants undergoing bronchoscopy for the evaluation of stridor served as non-CF controls. In addition, we measured nasal ASL sodium and chloride concentrations from 10 young adults with CF and from 10 control subjects. On the basis of the BAL findings, the infants with CF were divided into three groups: one with little evidence of pulmonary inflammation (CF-NI, n = 5); one with obvious pulmonary inflammation (CF-I, n = 7); and an intermediate group (CF-MI, n = 7). We found the ASL sodium was not different among any of the four groups (means mM \u00b1 SE, 85 \u00b1 10 controls; 78 \u00b1 16 CF-NI; 83 \u00b1 9 CF-MI, 84 \u00b1 9 CF-I). In contrast the ASL chloride was lower in the CF-NI group when compared with control subjects (108 \u00b1 5 control subjects; 77 \u00b1 7 CF-NI, p &amp;lt; 0.01). In the CF-I and CF-MI groups, the ASL chloride concentrations were of intermediate values (CF-I 95 \u00b1 10 mM; CF-MI 96 \u00b1 9 mM) and not significantly different from controls. Results from the nasal ASL analysis showed no significant differences in sodium and chloride concentrations in the CF group compared with control subjects. These results suggest that the primary abnormality of ASL composition is a reduction in chloride concentration. ASL composition appears to be affected by the presence of airway inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.1.9703045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,4]],"date-time":"2013-04-04T13:30:55Z","timestamp":1365082255000},"page":"10-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Elemental Content of Airway Surface Liquid from Infants with Cystic Fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"157","author":[{"given":"JEREMY","family":"HULL","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Medicine, University Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne; and Ian Wark Institute, The Levels Campus, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"WILLIAM","family":"SKINNER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Medicine, University Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne; and Ian Wark Institute, The Levels Campus, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"COLIN","family":"ROBERTSON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Medicine, University Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne; and Ian Wark Institute, The Levels Campus, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PETER","family":"PHELAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Medicine, University Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne; and Ian Wark Institute, The Levels Campus, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032709095271000_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2475911","article-title":"Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: cloning and characterization of complementary DNA.","volume":"245","author":"Riordan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026032709095271000_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/358581a0","article-title":"Defective regulation of outwardly rectifying Cl\u2212 channels by protein kinase A corrected by insertion of CFTR.","volume":"358","author":"Egan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026032709095271000_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7543698","article-title":"CFTR as a cAMP-dependent regulator of sodium channels.","volume":"269","author":"Stutts","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026032709095271000_B4","first-page":"L388","article-title":"Effects of sodium concentration on neutrophil bactericidal functions.","volume":"269","author":"Mizgerd","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol"},{"key":"2026032709095271000_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81099-5","article-title":"Cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells fail to kill bacteria because of abnormal airway surface fluid.","volume":"85","author":"Smith","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026032709095271000_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0496(199605)21:5<267::AID-PPUL1>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Bronchoalveolar lavage or oropharyngeal cultures to identify lower respiratory pathogens in infants with cystic fibrosis.","volume":"21","author":"Armstrong","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"2026032709095271000_B7","first-page":"F255","article-title":"Techniques for microdrop analysis of fluids (sweat, saliva, urine) with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer on a scanning electron microscope.","volume":"234","author":"Quinton","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"2026032709095271000_B8","first-page":"L243","article-title":"Filter paper equilibration as a novel technique for in vitro studies of the composition of airway surface liquid.","volume":"263","author":"Joris","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"2026032709095271000_B9","first-page":"1075","article-title":"Early pulmonary inflammation in infants with cystic fibrosis.","volume":"151","author":"Khan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2026032709095271000_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110894","article-title":"Relative ion permeability of normal and cystic fibrosis nasal epithelium.","volume":"71","author":"Knowles","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2026032709095271000_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117087","article-title":"Defective fluid transport by cystic fibrosis airway epithelia.","volume":"93","author":"Smith","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2026032709095271000_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8211164","article-title":"Altered fluid transport across airway epithelium in cystic fibrosis.","volume":"262","author":"Jiang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026032709095271000_B13","first-page":"A106","article-title":"Airway surface liquid composition in normal humans (abstract).","volume":"141","author":"Wager","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"2026032709095271000_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/148.6_Pt_1.1633","article-title":"Elemental composition of human airway surface liquid in healthy and diseased airways.","volume":"148","author":"Joris","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/157\/1\/10\/67445934\/ajrccm_157_1_10.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/157\/1\/10\/67445934\/ajrccm_157_1_10.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T13:09:58Z","timestamp":1774616998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article\/157\/1\/10\/8531003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/ajrccm.157.1.9703045","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-449X","1535-4970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-449X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[1998,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]]}}}