{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T14:11:21Z","timestamp":1774620681987,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,1]],"date-time":"1998-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":912470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To determine the factors contributing to tuberculosis incidence in the U.S.-born and foreign-born populations in San Francisco, California, and to assess the effectiveness of tuberculosis control efforts in these populations, we performed a population-based molecular epidemiologic study using 367 patients with strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis recently introduced into the city. IS6110-based and PGRS-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses were performed on M. tuberculosis isolates. Patients whose isolates had identical RFLP patterns were considered a cluster. Review of public health and medical records, plus patient interviews, were used to determine the likelihood of transmission between clustered patients. None of the 252 foreign-born cases was recently infected (within 2 yr) in the city. Nineteen (17%) of 115 U.S.-born cases occurred after recent infection in the city; only two were infected by a foreign-born patient. Disease from recent infection in the city involved either a source or a secondary case with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, homelessness, or drug abuse. Failure to identify contacts accounted for the majority of secondary cases. In San Francisco, disease from recent transmission of M. tuberculosis has been virtually eliminated from the foreign-born but not from the U.S.-born population. An intensification of contact tracing and screening activities among HIV-infected, homeless, and drug-abusing persons is needed to further control tuberculosis in the U.S.-born population. Elimination of tuberculosis in both the foreign-born and the U.S.-born populations will require widespread use of preventive therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.6.9804029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,4]],"date-time":"2013-04-04T13:51:12Z","timestamp":1365083472000},"page":"1797-1803","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Differences in Contributing Factors to Tuberculosis Incidence in U.S.-born and Foreign-born Persons"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"158","author":[{"given":"DANIEL P.","family":"CHIN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Francisco General Hospital, and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; Tuberculosis Control Branch, California Department of Health Services; Division of Public Health Biology and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"KATHRYN","family":"DeRIEMER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Francisco General Hospital, and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; Tuberculosis Control Branch, California Department of Health Services; Division of Public Health Biology and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"PETER M.","family":"SMALL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Francisco General Hospital, and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; Tuberculosis Control Branch, California Department of Health Services; Division of Public Health Biology and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ALFREDO PONCE","family":"de LEON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Francisco General Hospital, and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; Tuberculosis Control Branch, California Department of Health Services; Division of Public Health Biology and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"RACHEL","family":"STEINHART","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Francisco General Hospital, and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; Tuberculosis Control Branch, California Department of Health Services; Division of Public Health Biology and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"GISELA F.","family":"SCHECTER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Francisco General Hospital, and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; Tuberculosis Control Branch, California Department of Health Services; Division of Public Health Biology and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"CHARLES L.","family":"DALEY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Francisco General Hospital, and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; Tuberculosis Control Branch, California Department of Health Services; Division of Public Health Biology and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ANDREW R.","family":"MOSS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Francisco General Hospital, and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; Tuberculosis Control Branch, California Department of Health Services; Division of Public Health Biology and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. ANTONIO","family":"PAZ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Francisco General Hospital, and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; Tuberculosis Control Branch, California Department of Health Services; Division of Public Health Biology and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ROBERT M.","family":"JASMER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Francisco General Hospital, and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; Tuberculosis Control Branch, California Department of Health Services; Division of Public Health Biology and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"CRISTINA B.","family":"AGASINO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Francisco General Hospital, and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; Tuberculosis Control Branch, California Department of Health Services; Division of Public Health Biology and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"PHILIP C.","family":"HOPEWELL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Francisco General Hospital, and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; Tuberculosis Control Branch, California Department of Health Services; Division of Public Health Biology and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032709055386100_B1"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B2","first-page":"695","article-title":"Tuberculosis morbidity: United States, 1996.","volume":"46","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1997","journal-title":"M.M.W.R. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199504203321606","article-title":"The epidemiology of tuberculosis among foreign-born persons in the United States, 1986 to 1993.","volume":"332","author":"McKenna","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/144.4.745","article-title":"Resurgent tuberculosis in New York City: human immunodeficiency virus, homelessness, and the decline of tuberculosis control programs.","volume":"144","author":"Brudney","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198903023200901","article-title":"A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection.","volume":"320","author":"Selwyn","year":"1989","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530280057037","article-title":"Transmission of tuberculosis among the urban homeless.","volume":"275","author":"Barnes","year":"1996","journal-title":"J.A.M.A"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550040060038","article-title":"Long-term risk of tuberculosis among foreign-born persons in the United States.","volume":"278","author":"Zuber","year":"1997","journal-title":"J.A.M.A"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540150031027","article-title":"A multi-institutional outbreak of highly drug-resistant tuberculosis: epidemiology and clinical outcomes.","volume":"276","author":"Frieden","year":"1996","journal-title":"J.A.M.A"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550140051039","article-title":"Patterns of tuberculosis transmission in central Los Angeles.","volume":"278","author":"Barnes","year":"1997","journal-title":"J.A.M.A"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199406163302402","article-title":"The epidemiology of tuberculosis in San Francisco: a population-based study using conventional and molecular methods.","volume":"330","author":"Small","year":"1994","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.7.1677-1682.1993","article-title":"Molecular strain typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to confirm cross-contamination in the mycobacteriology laboratory and modification of procedures to minimize occurrence of false-positive cultures.","volume":"31","author":"Small","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B12","first-page":"361","article-title":"Expanded tuberculosis surveillance and tuberculosis morbidity: United States, 1993.","volume":"43","author":"Centers for Disease Control","year":"1994","journal-title":"M.M.W.R. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.2.406-409.1993","article-title":"Strain identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by DNA fingerprinting: recommendations for a standardized methodology.","volume":"31","author":"van Embden","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9629(15)41626-X","article-title":"A computer-assisted molecular epidemiologic approach to confronting the reemergence of tuberculosis.","volume":"311","author":"Woelffer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.5.1118-1123.1996","article-title":"Usefulness of the secondary probe pTBN12 in DNA fingerprinting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.","volume":"34","author":"Chaves","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.3.9117000","article-title":"DNA fingerprinting with two probes decreases clustering of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.","volume":"155","author":"Burman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B17"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B18","first-page":"11","article-title":"Tuberculosis in immigrants to Canada.","volume":"119","author":"Enarson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B19","first-page":"139","article-title":"Tuberculosis in immigrants to Canada: incidence of tuberculosis among Scandinavian immigrants in Canada.","volume":"61","author":"Enarson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Eur. J. Respir. Dis"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199201233260404","article-title":"An outbreak of tuberculosis with accelerated progression among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: an analysis using restriction-fragment-length polymorphism.","volume":"326","author":"Daley","year":"1992","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8479(96)90112-4","article-title":"The molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in New York City: the importance of nosocomial transmission and laboratory error.","volume":"77","author":"Frieden","year":"1996","journal-title":"Tuber. Lung Dis"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199601000-00014","article-title":"The influence of intravenous drug use and HIV infection in the transmission of tuberculosis.","volume":"10","author":"Cayla","year":"1996","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/137.4.805","article-title":"Tuberculosis in a cohort of Southeast Asian refugees.","volume":"137","author":"Nolan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B24","first-page":"137","article-title":"The influence of immigration on tuberculosis in Ontario.","volume":"110","author":"Ashley","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.8.2077-2081.1995","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in Denmark in 1992.","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1982.03320340057036","article-title":"Health status of refugees from Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.","volume":"247","author":"Catanzaro","year":"1982","journal-title":"J.A.M.A"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.76.6.643","article-title":"Tuberculin reactivity in United States and foreign-born Latinos: results of a community-based screening program.","volume":"76","author":"Perez-Stable","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B28"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.149.5.8173779","article-title":"Treatment of tuberculosis and tuberculosis infection in adults and children.","volume":"149","author":"American Thoracic Society and The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-127-12-199712150-00001","article-title":"Monitored isoniazid prophylaxis for low-risk tuberculin reactors older than 35 years of age: a risk-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis.","volume":"127","author":"Salpeter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B31"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1996.00440020063008","article-title":"Tuberculosis prophylaxis in the homeless: a trial to improve adherence to referral.","volume":"156","author":"Pilote","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.2.9032198","article-title":"Directly observed isoniazid preventive therapy for released jail inmates.","volume":"155","author":"Nolan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)61618-8","article-title":"Why not the elimination of tuberculosis?","volume":"69","author":"Enarson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc"},{"key":"2026032709055386100_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-127-2-199707150-00012","article-title":"Global eradication of poliomyelitis and measles: another quiet revolution.","volume":"127","author":"de Quadros","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/158\/6\/1797\/67432053\/ajrccm_158_6_1797.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/158\/6\/1797\/67432053\/ajrccm_158_6_1797.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T13:06:19Z","timestamp":1774616779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article\/158\/6\/1797\/8530324"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/ajrccm.158.6.9804029","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-449X","1535-4970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-449X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[1998,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,1]]}}}