{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T17:17:03Z","timestamp":1779297423561,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,2,1]],"date-time":"2000-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":949363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Levels of cell products released by neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes were measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of 19 patients with pulmonary active Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) to assess in vivo the magnitude of cellular activation at sites of active disease. Measurements included the BAL cell profile and BALF levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), free proteinase 3 (fPR3), complexes of PR3 and \u03b1 1-antitrypsin (PR3\/ \u03b1 1-AT), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), peroxidase activity (PEROX), and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R). Six patients also underwent a repeat examination after immunosuppressive treatment. Pulmonary active WG was found to be associated with elevated MPO, PEROX, ECP, and sIL-2R levels in BALF. Only trace amounts of fPR3 were detected, the bulk of PR3 being found in PR3\/ \u03b1 1-AT complexes. Clinically effective treatment depressed BAL neutrophil counts and reversed elevated levels of MPO and PEROX but had an inconsistent effect on the BAL lymphocyte count and the sIL-2R level. In conclusion, the elevated levels of extracellular MPO and PEROX at a site of active disease and the correlation between these and clinical disease activity support the view that neutrophils are indeed an important effector cell population in WG lung disease. The present data also suggest that oxidative injury is an important aspect of neutrophil-mediated lung injury, whereas it remains unresolved whether the low levels of fPR3 in the BALF adequately reflect the situation at inflammatory tissue sites. Schnabel A, Csernok E, Braun J, Gross WL. Activation of neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes in the lower respiratory tract in Wegener's granulomatosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.2.9904076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,4]],"date-time":"2013-04-04T14:12:05Z","timestamp":1365084725000},"page":"399-405","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Activation of Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Lymphocytes in the Lower Respiratory Tract in Wegener's Granulomatosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"161","author":[{"given":"ARMIN","family":"SCHNABEL","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Poliklinik f\u00fcr Rheumatologie and Medizinische Klinik II, Universit\u00e4t L\u00fcbeck and Rheumaklinik Bad Bramstedt, L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ELENA","family":"CSERNOK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poliklinik f\u00fcr Rheumatologie and Medizinische Klinik II, Universit\u00e4t L\u00fcbeck and Rheumaklinik Bad Bramstedt, L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00d6RG","family":"BRAUN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poliklinik f\u00fcr Rheumatologie and Medizinische Klinik II, Universit\u00e4t L\u00fcbeck and Rheumaklinik Bad Bramstedt, L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"WOLFGANG L.","family":"GROSS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poliklinik f\u00fcr Rheumatologie and Medizinische Klinik II, Universit\u00e4t L\u00fcbeck and Rheumaklinik Bad Bramstedt, L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032708363079500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-116-6-488","article-title":"Wegener granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients.","volume":"116","author":"Hoffman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1993.tb03345.x","article-title":"ANCA and associated diseases: immunodiagnostic and pathogenetic aspects.","volume":"91","author":"Gross","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199104000-00001","article-title":"Surgical pathology of the lung in Wegener's granulomatosis.","volume":"15","author":"Travis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/13.suppl_1.16","article-title":"Pathogenesis of the vascular and glomerular damage in ANCA-positive vasculitis.","volume":"13","author":"Jennette","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1038\/346520a0","article-title":"Wegener's autoantigen decoded.","volume":"346","author":"Jenne","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.177.4.905","article-title":"Anti-myeloperoxidase associated proliferative glomerulonephritis: an animal model.","volume":"177","author":"Brouwer","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B7","first-page":"131","article-title":"Systemic injection of products of activated neutrophils and H2O2 in myeloperoxidase-immunized rats leads to necrotizing vasculitis in the lungs and gut.","volume":"151","author":"Heeringa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B8","first-page":"1695","article-title":"Autoantibodies to myeloperoxidase aggravate mild anti-glomerular basement-membrane-mediated glomerular injury in the rat.","volume":"149","author":"Heeringa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B9","first-page":"81","article-title":"Role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of experimental vasculitis.","volume":"149","author":"Quasim","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06518.x","article-title":"Activated neutrophils express proteinase 3 on their plasma membrane in vitro and in vivo.","volume":"95","author":"Csernok","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1995.tb08343.x","article-title":"Activation of granulocytes by anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) in Wegener's granulomatosis: a predominant role for the IgG3 subclass of ANCA.","volume":"101","author":"Mulder","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1991.01080110121049","article-title":"Eosinophil and neutrophil degranulation in ophthalmic lesions of Wegener's granulomatosis.","volume":"109","author":"Trocme","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1994.149","article-title":"Neutrophil activation in vitro and in vivo in Wegener's granulomatosis.","volume":"45","author":"Brouwer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-6386(95)90006-3","article-title":"Distribution of the granulocyte serine proteinases proteinase 3 and elastase in human glomerulonephritis.","volume":"25","author":"Mrowka","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2738","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10122738","article-title":"Efficacy of transbronchial biopsy in pulmonary vasculitides.","volume":"10","author":"Schnabel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330807","article-title":"The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Wegener's granulomatosis.","volume":"33","author":"Leavitt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arthritis. Rheum."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780370206","article-title":"Nomenclature of systemic vasculitis: proposal of an International Consensus Conference.","volume":"37","author":"Jennette","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-111-1-28","article-title":"Anticytoplasmic autoantibodies: their immunodiagnostic value in Wegener's granulomatosis.","volume":"111","author":"N\u00f6lle","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(11)63594-5","article-title":"Treatment of antineutrophil cytoplasm autoantibody-associated systemic vasculitis: Initiatives of the European Community Systemic Vasculitis Clinical Trials Study Group.","volume":"72","author":"Jayne","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B20","first-page":"33","article-title":"The 1991 description definition of sarcoidosis.","volume":"9","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis"},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1997.d01-992.x","article-title":"Binding and inhibition of myeloperoxidase (MPO): a major function of ceruloplasmin?","volume":"108","author":"Segelmark","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(94)90364-6","article-title":"Measurements of proteinase 3 and its complexes with \u03b11-proteinase inhibitor and anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies (ANCA) in plasma.","volume":"175","author":"Baslund","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V89.10.3503","article-title":"Granules of the human neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocyte.","volume":"89","author":"Borregaard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00914095","article-title":"Myeloperoxidase in human lung lavage: I. A marker of local neutrophil activity.","volume":"14","author":"Schmekel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B25","first-page":"141","article-title":"Myeloperoxidase, Lactoferrin und Elastase in bronchoalveol\u00e4rer Lavage und Plasma bei Pneumonie.","volume":"46","author":"Braun","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pneumologie"},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(93)90078-T","article-title":"Eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammation in asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive disease.","volume":"92","author":"Lacoste","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.50.4.360","article-title":"Bronchial inflammation in chronic bronchitis assessed by measurement of cell products in bronchial lavage fluid.","volume":"50","author":"Riise","year":"1995","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B28","first-page":"387","article-title":"Aussagekraft der Sekretionsprodukte von Eosinophilen und Neutrophilen in der bronchoalveol\u00e4ren Lavage bei Patienten mit idiopathischer Lungenfibrose.","volume":"105","author":"Pohl","year":"1993","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.96.09050992","article-title":"Neutrophil activation in fibrosing alveolitis: a comparison of lone cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and systemic sclerosis.","volume":"9","author":"Cailes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199104183241607","article-title":"The immunobiology of eosinophils.","volume":"324","author":"Weller","year":"1991","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(92)80955-G","article-title":"Determination of proteinase 3-\u03b11-antitrypsin complexes in inflammatory fluids.","volume":"314","author":"Dolman","year":"1992","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/143.2.275","article-title":"Immunoglobulin G antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies are produced in the respiratory tract of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis.","volume":"143","author":"Baltaro","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198902093200606","article-title":"Tissue destruction by neutrophils.","volume":"320","author":"Weiss","year":"1989","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/137.4.759","article-title":"Elevated concentrations of soluble interleukin-2 receptors in serum samples and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids in active sarcoidosis.","volume":"137","author":"Lawrence","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/144.6.1322","article-title":"Correlation of clinical and immunologic parameters of the inflammatory activity of pulmonary sarcoidosis.","volume":"144","author":"M\u00fcller-Quernheim","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780350914","article-title":"Elevated serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis: association with disease activity.","volume":"35","author":"Schmitt","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.4.7921434","article-title":"Activated T cells and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavages from patients with various lung diseases associated with eosinophilia.","volume":"150","author":"Walker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2026032708363079500_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/S0954-6111(99)90093-8","article-title":"Bronchoalveolar lavage cell profiles in Wegener's granulomatosis.","volume":"93","author":"Schnabel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Respir. Med."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/161\/2\/399\/67423910\/ajrccm_161_2_399.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/161\/2\/399\/67423910\/ajrccm_161_2_399.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T12:36:40Z","timestamp":1774615000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article\/161\/2\/399\/8528381"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,2,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/ajrccm.161.2.9904076","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-449X","1535-4970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-449X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2000,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,2,1]]}}}