{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T13:23:59Z","timestamp":1774617839599,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,1]],"date-time":"2000-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":959817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Acute episodes of farmer's lung (FL) are associated with activation and migration of neutrophils into the lungs, causing oxidative stress. We conducted a study to evaluate the effect of episodes of FL on antioxidant defense of the lung by glutathione (GSH). A total of 15 patients with symptomatic FL (one female and 14 males, age 42 \u00b1 1 yr [mean \u00b1 SEM]) underwent a standardized hay exposure test for 1 h and were then monitored through lung function measurements for 6 h, after which bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed. As a control, 10 asymptomatic farmers (AF) (two males and eight females, age 43 \u00b1 1 yr) underwent the same diagnostic procedures. At 3 to 6 h after antigen exposure, the lung function of FL patients was significantly impaired (VC: \u2212 31 \u00b1 4%; single-breath diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide [DlCO]: \u2212 17 \u00b1 3%; and PaO2: \u2212 14 \u00b1 2%, all versus baseline, whereas in AF, only minor changes occurred VC: \u2212 4 \u00b1 5%; DlCO: \u2212 9 \u00b1 3%, and PaO2: \u2212 5 \u00b1 2%, all versus baseline). The number of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was increased in FL patients as compared with AF (29 \u00b1 7 \u00d7 104\/ml versus 10 \u00b1 7 \u00d7 104\/ml, p &amp;lt; 0.05). The concentrations of total and reduced glutathione (GSHT and GSH, respectively) in epithelial lining fluid were decreased in FL patients and increased in AF (GSHT: 292.5 \u00b1 27.5 \u03bc M versus 1,185.0 \u00b1 189.9 \u03bc M, respectively, p &amp;lt; 0.001; GSH: 256.8 \u00b1 22.1 \u03bc M versus 1,054.5 \u00b1 172.9 \u03bc M, respectively, p &amp;lt; 0.001). These findings suggest that the individual ability to upregulate GSH in the alveolar space in response to an inflammatory stimulus may have implications for the development of symptomatic FL. We conclude that intrapulmonary GSH levels are distinctly different in patients with FL and AF, and that the regulation of GSH may play an important role in the pathogenesis of FL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.6.9907112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,4]],"date-time":"2013-04-04T14:15:05Z","timestamp":1365084905000},"page":"1968-1971","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Pulmonary Glutathione Levels in Acute Episodes of Farmer's Lung"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"161","author":[{"given":"J\u00dcRGEN","family":"BEHR","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, Division for Pulmonary Diseases, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"BARBARA","family":"DEGENKOLB","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, Division for Pulmonary Diseases, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"THOMAS","family":"BEINERT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, Division for Pulmonary Diseases, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"FRITZ","family":"KROMBACH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, Division for Pulmonary Diseases, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"CLAUS","family":"VOGELMEIER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, Division for Pulmonary Diseases, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032708412807100_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02714049","article-title":"Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: correlation of cellular and immunologic changes with clinical phases of disease.","volume":"166","author":"Reynolds","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"2026032708412807100_B2"},{"key":"2026032708412807100_B3","first-page":"1046","article-title":"Abnormal bronchoalveolar lavage in asymptomatic dairy farmers: study of lymphocytes.","volume":"130","author":"Cormier","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir Dis."},{"key":"2026032708412807100_B4","first-page":"843","article-title":"Persistent bronchoalveolar lymphocytosis in asymptomatic farmers.","volume":"133","author":"Cormier","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"2026032708412807100_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.93.01010005","article-title":"The alveolitis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis.","volume":"1","author":"Costabel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"2026032708412807100_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1159\/000194858","article-title":"Bronchoalveolar lavage in extrinsic allergic alveolitis.","volume":"49","author":"van den Bosch","year":"1986","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"2026032708412807100_B7","first-page":"563","article-title":"Early neutrophil alveolitis after antigen inhalation in hypersensitivity pneumonitis.","volume":"4","author":"Fournier","year":"1988","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026032708412807100_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/148.2.396","article-title":"Activation of blood neutrophils in acute episodes of farmer's lung.","volume":"148","author":"Vogelmeier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"2026032708412807100_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02714149","article-title":"Glutathione and inflammatory disorders of the lung.","volume":"169","author":"Cantin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"2026032708412807100_B10","first-page":"749","article-title":"Der Heustaubexpositionstest in der Diagnostik der Farmerlunge: Staubmessungen und Testungen von Kontrollpersonen.","volume":"42","author":"Vogelmeier","year":"1988","journal-title":"Prax. Klin. Pneumol."},{"key":"2026032708412807100_B11"},{"key":"2026032708412807100_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.60.2.532","article-title":"Estimation of volume of epithelial lining fluid recovered by lavage using urea as a marker for dilution.","volume":"60","author":"Rennard","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"2026032708412807100_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.6.9706065","article-title":"Antioxidative and clinical effects of high-dose N-acetylcysteine in fibrosing alveolitis: adjunctive therapy to maintenance immunosuppression.","volume":"156","author":"Behr","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2026032708412807100_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08081286","article-title":"Increased oxidation of extracellular glutathione by bronchoalveolar inflammatory cells in diffuse fibrosing alveolitis.","volume":"8","author":"Behr","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"2026032708412807100_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)22134-6","article-title":"Plasma glutathione and glutathione disulfide in the rat: regulation and response to oxidative stress.","volume":"227","author":"Adams","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"2026032708412807100_B16","first-page":"444","article-title":"Empfehlungen zur inhalativen Provokationstestung bei exogen-allergischer Alveolitis.","volume":"52","author":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Pneumologie","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pneumologie"},{"key":"2026032708412807100_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113005","article-title":"Glutathione deficiency in the epithelial lining fluid of the lower respiratory tract in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.","volume":"79","author":"Cantin","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2026032708412807100_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113005","article-title":"Oxidant-mediated epithelial cell injury in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.","volume":"79","author":"Cantin","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2026032708412807100_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb\/3.1.79","article-title":"Extracellular glutathione suppresses human lung fibroblast proliferation.","volume":"3","author":"Cantin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2026032708412807100_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1987.63.1.152","article-title":"Normal alveolar epithelial lining fluid contains high levels of glutathione.","volume":"63","author":"Cantin","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"2026032708412807100_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011533","article-title":"Beneficial effects of nicotine and cigarette smoking: the real, the possible and the spurious.","volume":"52","author":"Baron","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"2026032708412807100_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.149.6.8004308","article-title":"An investigation of the role of glutathione in increased epithelial permeability induced by cigarette smoke in vivo and in vitro.","volume":"149","author":"Li","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2026032708412807100_B23"},{"key":"2026032708412807100_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5799.530","article-title":"Prevalence of farmer's lung in Scotland: a pilot survey.","volume":"1","author":"Grant","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"2026032708412807100_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.17.5.2833","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-\u03b21 is a potent inhibitor of glutathione synthesis in the lung epithelial cell line A549: transcriptional effect on the GSH rate-limiting enzyme \u03b3-glutamylcysteine synthetase.","volume":"17","author":"Arslane","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/161\/6\/1968\/67425474\/ajrccm_161_6_1968.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/161\/6\/1968\/67425474\/ajrccm_161_6_1968.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T12:41:35Z","timestamp":1774615295000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article\/161\/6\/1968\/8528583"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/ajrccm.161.6.9907112","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-449X","1535-4970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-449X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2000,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,1]]}}}