{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T01:48:15Z","timestamp":1774662495557,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,1]],"date-time":"2000-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":973036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To detect whether there was geographic clustering of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia cases among patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, we performed a retrospective analysis of a clinical database. The rates of pneumocystosis were analyzed by zip code zones for evidence of geographical clustering. During the study period, 118 patients at our AIDS Treatment Center had a first episode of P. carinii pneumonia. An analysis of the 24 zip code zones for which a P. carinii pneumonia rate was calculated (requiring a denominator of at least 10 known HIV- infected individuals residing in that zone) showed a trend toward geographic clustering (p = 0.07); when all 45 Cincinnati zip code zones were included in the analysis, clustering of cases was observed (p = 0.02). By contrast, no clustering was observed for 52 HIV-infected control subjects with respiratory disease or for 960 HIV-infected patients treated at our center during the same time period. These data raise intriguing questions about exposure to exogenous sources of P. carinii and suggest the need for prospective studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.5.9707101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,4]],"date-time":"2013-04-04T14:25:08Z","timestamp":1365085508000},"page":"1617-1621","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Geographic Clustering of\n                    <i>Pneumocystis carinii<\/i>\n                    Pneumonia in Patients with HIV Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"162","author":[{"given":"MICHAEL N.","family":"DOHN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Environmental Health, and Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati; Medical Service and Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MICHAEL L.","family":"WHITE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Environmental Health, and Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati; Medical Service and Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ELLEN M.","family":"VIGDORTH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Environmental Health, and Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati; Medical Service and Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"RALPH BUNCHER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Environmental Health, and Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati; Medical Service and Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"VICKI S.","family":"HERTZBERG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Environmental Health, and Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati; Medical Service and Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ROBERT P.","family":"BAUGHMAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Environmental Health, and Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati; Medical Service and Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"GEORGE SMULIAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Environmental Health, and Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati; Medical Service and Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"PETER D.","family":"WALZER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Environmental Health, and Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati; Medical Service and Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032708331983700_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.2.296","article-title":"Serologic responses to Pneumocystis carinii antigens in health and disease.","volume":"161","author":"Peglow","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026032708331983700_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1126\/science.301657","article-title":"Nude mouse: a new experimental model for Pneumocystis carinii infection.","volume":"197","author":"Walzer","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026032708331983700_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/145.6.842","article-title":"Natural mode of acquisition for de novo infection with Pneumocystis carinii.","volume":"145","author":"Hughes","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026032708331983700_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.2.421","article-title":"DNA amplification in experimental pneumocystosis: characterization of serum Pneumocystis carinii DNA and potential P. carinii carrier states.","volume":"168","author":"Sepkowitz","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026032708331983700_B5"},{"key":"2026032708331983700_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/144.4.756","article-title":"Epidemiologic patterns of upper respiratory illness and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in homosexual men.","volume":"144","author":"Hoover","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2026032708331983700_B7"},{"key":"2026032708331983700_B8","first-page":"283","article-title":"Current issues in the epidemiology, transmission, and reactivation of Pneumocystis carinii.","volume":"13","author":"Hughes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sem Respir Infect"},{"key":"2026032708331983700_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1992.00400240083014","article-title":"Equal survival rates for first, second, and third episodes of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients.","volume":"152","author":"Dohn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2026032708331983700_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/155.5.855","article-title":"Bronchoalveolar lavage for diagnosing acute bacterial pneumonia.","volume":"155","author":"Thorpe","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026032708331983700_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.95.3.494","article-title":"Use of rapid differential strain for identifying Pneumocystis carinii in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.","volume":"95","author":"Tollerud","year":"1989","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026032708331983700_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/143.5_Pt_1.1067","article-title":"Follow-up bronchoalveolar lavage in AIDS patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: Pneumocystis carinii burden predicts early relapse.","volume":"143","author":"Colangelo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2026032708331983700_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.103.2.426","article-title":"Increased Pneumocystis carinii recovery from the upper lobes in pneumocystic pneumonia: the effect of aerosol pentamidine prophylaxis.","volume":"103","author":"Baughman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026032708331983700_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(94)90346-8","article-title":"The continuing utility of bronchoalveolar lavage to diagnose opportunistic infection in AIDS patients.","volume":"97","author":"Baughman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2026032708331983700_B15"},{"key":"2026032708331983700_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198707233170401","article-title":"the AZT Collaborative Working Group. 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