{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T02:35:34Z","timestamp":1793500534517,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,2,1]],"date-time":"2001-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":980985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Alveolar proteinosis (AP) is characterized by excessive surfactant accumulation, and most cases are of unknown etiology. Standard therapy for AP is whole-lung lavage, which may not correct the underlying defect. Because the hematopoietic cytokine granulocyte\u2013macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM\u2013CSF) is required for normal surfactant homeostasis, we evaluated the therapeutic activity of GM\u2013CSF in patients with idiopathic AP. Fourteen patients received 5 \u03bc g\/kg\/d GM\u2013CSF for 6 to 12 wk with serial monitoring of the alveolar\u2013arterial oxygen gradient ([A\u2013a]Do2), diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide, computed tomographic scans, and exercise testing. Patients not responding to 5 \u03bc g\/kg\/d GM\u2013CSF underwent stepwise dose escalation, and responding patients were retreated at disease recurrence. Stored pretreatment sera were assayed for GM\u2013CSF-neutralizing autoantibodies. According to prospective criteria, five of 14 patients responded to 5 \u03bc g\/kg\/d GM\u2013 CSF, and one of four patients responded after dose escalation (20 \u03bc g\/kg\/d). The overall response rate was 43% (mean improvement in [A\u2013a]Do2 = 23.2 mm Hg). Responses lasted a median of 39 wk, and were reproducible with retreatment. GM\u2013CSF was well-tolerated, with no late toxicity seen. The only treatment-related factor predictive of response was GM\u2013CSF-induced eosinophilia (p = 0.01). Each of 12 patients tested had GM\u2013CSF-neutralizing autoantibodies present in pretreatment serum. We conclude that GM\u2013 CSF has therapeutic activity in idiopathic AP, providing a potential alternative to whole-lung lavage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.2.2003146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,4]],"date-time":"2013-04-04T14:34:39Z","timestamp":1365086079000},"page":"524-531","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":189,"title":["Therapeutic Efficacy of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor in Patients with Idiopathic Acquired Alveolar Proteinosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"163","author":[{"given":"JOHN F.","family":"SEYMOUR","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Tumour Biology Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Parkville; Intensive Care Unit, Departments of Thoracic Medicine, and Radiology, and Haematology\/Medical Oncology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Thoracic Medicine, Frankston Hospital, Frankston; and Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland; Buffalo Medical Group, Buffalo, New York; Division of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JEFFREY J.","family":"PRESNEILL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Tumour Biology Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Parkville; Intensive Care Unit, Departments of Thoracic Medicine, and Radiology, and Haematology\/Medical Oncology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Thoracic Medicine, Frankston Hospital, Frankston; and Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland; Buffalo Medical Group, Buffalo, New York; Division of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"OTTO D.","family":"SCHOCH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Tumour Biology Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Parkville; Intensive Care Unit, Departments of Thoracic Medicine, and Radiology, and Haematology\/Medical Oncology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Thoracic Medicine, Frankston Hospital, Frankston; and Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland; Buffalo Medical Group, Buffalo, New York; Division of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"GORDON H.","family":"DOWNIE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Tumour Biology Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Parkville; Intensive Care Unit, Departments of Thoracic Medicine, and Radiology, and Haematology\/Medical Oncology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Thoracic Medicine, Frankston Hospital, Frankston; and Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland; Buffalo Medical Group, Buffalo, New York; Division of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PAUL E.","family":"MOORE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Tumour Biology Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Parkville; Intensive Care Unit, Departments of Thoracic Medicine, and Radiology, and Haematology\/Medical Oncology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Thoracic Medicine, Frankston Hospital, Frankston; and Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland; Buffalo Medical Group, Buffalo, New York; Division of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"IAN R.","family":"DOYLE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Tumour Biology Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Parkville; Intensive Care Unit, Departments of Thoracic Medicine, and Radiology, and Haematology\/Medical Oncology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Thoracic Medicine, Frankston Hospital, Frankston; and Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland; Buffalo Medical Group, Buffalo, New York; Division of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JANETTE M.","family":"VINCENT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Tumour Biology Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Parkville; Intensive Care Unit, Departments of Thoracic Medicine, and Radiology, and Haematology\/Medical Oncology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Thoracic Medicine, Frankston Hospital, Frankston; and Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland; Buffalo Medical Group, Buffalo, New York; Division of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KOH","family":"NAKATA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Tumour Biology Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Parkville; Intensive Care Unit, Departments of Thoracic Medicine, and Radiology, and Haematology\/Medical Oncology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Thoracic Medicine, Frankston Hospital, Frankston; and Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland; Buffalo Medical Group, Buffalo, New York; Division of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"TAKAYUKI","family":"KITAMURA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Tumour Biology Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Parkville; Intensive Care Unit, Departments of Thoracic Medicine, and Radiology, and Haematology\/Medical Oncology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Thoracic Medicine, Frankston Hospital, Frankston; and Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland; Buffalo Medical Group, Buffalo, New York; Division of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DAVID","family":"LANGTON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Tumour Biology Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Parkville; Intensive Care Unit, Departments of Thoracic Medicine, and Radiology, and Haematology\/Medical Oncology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Thoracic Medicine, Frankston Hospital, Frankston; and Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland; Buffalo Medical Group, Buffalo, New York; Division of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MICHAEL C.","family":"PAIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Tumour Biology Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Parkville; Intensive Care Unit, Departments of Thoracic Medicine, and Radiology, and Haematology\/Medical Oncology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Thoracic Medicine, Frankston Hospital, Frankston; and Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland; Buffalo Medical Group, Buffalo, New York; Division of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ASHLEY R.","family":"DUNN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Tumour Biology Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Parkville; Intensive Care Unit, Departments of Thoracic Medicine, and Radiology, and Haematology\/Medical Oncology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Thoracic Medicine, Frankston Hospital, Frankston; and Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland; Buffalo Medical Group, Buffalo, New York; Division of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032708170159700_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195806052582301","article-title":"Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.","volume":"258","author":"Rosen","year":"1958","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4439(98)00078-7","article-title":"Genetics of the hydrophobic surfactant proteins.","volume":"1408","author":"Nogee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B3","first-page":"420","article-title":"Secondary alveolar proteinosis in cancer patients.","volume":"4","author":"Ladeb","year":"1996","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B4","first-page":"1097","article-title":"Defective expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor\/interleukin-3\/interleukin-5 receptor common \u03b2 chain in children with acute myeloid leukemia associated with respiratory failure.","volume":"92","author":"Dirksen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)65477-9","article-title":"Pulmonary alveolar lipoproteinosis: experience with 34 cases and a review.","volume":"62","author":"Prakash","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B6"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B7","first-page":"361","article-title":"Advances in the treatment of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.","volume":"111","author":"Kao","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02715650","article-title":"Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: prospective clinical experience in 23 patients for 15 years.","volume":"162","author":"Kariman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(10)63440-6","article-title":"The clinical and physiological effect of whole-lung lavage in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: a ten-year experience.","volume":"24","author":"Selecky","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B10","first-page":"255","article-title":"Physiologic effects of bronchopulmonary lavage in alveolar proteinosis.","volume":"118","author":"Rogers","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5592","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.12.5592","article-title":"Granulocyte\/macrophage colony-stimulating factor-deficient mice show no major perturbation of hematopoeisis but develop a characteristic pulmonary pathology.","volume":"91","author":"Stanley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B12","first-page":"L650","article-title":"Surfactant metabolism in transgenic mice after granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor ablation.","volume":"270","author":"Ikegami","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B13","first-page":"L556","article-title":"Aerosolized GM-CSF ameliorates pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in GM-CSF-deficient mice.","volume":"276","author":"Reed","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B14"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.1998.9.14-2101","article-title":"Adenovirus-mediated granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor improves lung pathology of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-deficient mice.","volume":"9","author":"Zsengell\u00e9r","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum Gene Ther"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118461","article-title":"Pulmonary epithelial cell expression of GM-CSF corrects the alveolar proteinosis in GM-CSF-deficient mice.","volume":"97","author":"Huffman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199612193352513","article-title":"Efficacy of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in acquired alveolar proteinosis.","volume":"335","author":"Seymour","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.4.9603061","article-title":"Surfactant proteins-A and -B are elevated in plasma of patients with acute respiratory failure.","volume":"156","author":"Doyle","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.43.5.388","article-title":"Reproducibility of walking test results in chronic obstructive airways disease.","volume":"43","author":"Knox","year":"1988","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.112.4.1091","article-title":"Diagnosing cardiovascular and lung pathophysiology from exercise gas exchange.","volume":"112","author":"Wasserman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B21"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B22"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.190.6.875","article-title":"Idiopathic pulmonary alveolar proteinosis as an autoimmune disease with neutralizing antibody against granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor.","volume":"190","author":"Kitamura","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B24"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B25","first-page":"2657","article-title":". Attenuated hematopoietic response to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with acquired pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.","volume":"92","author":"Seymour","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19810101)47:1<207::AID-CNCR2820470134>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Reporting results of cancer treatment.","volume":"47","author":"Miller","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B27","first-page":"89","article-title":"The normal alveolar\u2013arterial oxygen-tension gradient in man.","volume":"46","author":"Harris","year":"1974","journal-title":"Clin Sci Mol Med"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V74.8.2634.2634","article-title":"Characterization of the clinical effects after the first dose of bacterially synthesized recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.","volume":"74","author":"Lieschke","year":"1989","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9565","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.21.9565","article-title":"Hematopoietic and lung abnormalities in mice with a null mutation of the common \u03b2 subunit of the receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukins 3 and 5.","volume":"92","author":"Robb","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199207023270106","article-title":"Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (1).","volume":"327","author":"Lieschke","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4119","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V92.11.4119","article-title":"Functional analysis of mature hematopoietic cells from mice lacking the \u03b2cchain of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor.","volume":"92","author":"Scott","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.65.2.256","article-title":"Functional deficiencies of peritoneal cells from gene-targeted mice lacking G-CSF or GM-CSF.","volume":"65","author":"Zhan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3037","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V90.8.3037","article-title":"Mice lacking both granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage CSF have impaired reproductive capacity, perturbed neonatal granulopoiesis, lung disease, amyloidosis, and reduced long-term survival.","volume":"90","author":"Seymour","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119758","article-title":"Human pulmonary alveolar proteinosis associated with a defect in GM-CSF\/IL-3\/IL-5 receptor common \u03b2 chain expression.","volume":"100","author":"Dirksen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.6.9612119","article-title":"GM-CSF gene expression is normal but protein release is absent in a patient with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.","volume":"156","author":"Tchou-Wong","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V91.6.2054","article-title":"Antibody to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is a dominant anti-cytokine activity in human IgG preparations.","volume":"91","author":"Svenson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4078","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V84.12.4078.bloodjournal84124078","article-title":"Induction of anti-recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (Escherichia coli-derived) antibodies and clinical effects in nonimmunocompromised patients.","volume":"84","author":"Ragnhammar","year":"1994","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199207093270207","article-title":"Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (2).","volume":"327","author":"Lieschke","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118503","article-title":"Transfer of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene to rat lung induces eosinophilia, monocytosis, and fibrotic reactions.","volume":"97","author":"Xing","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90136-X","article-title":". Transgenic mice overexpressing a hematopoietic growth factor gene (GM-CSF) develop accumulations of macrophages, blindness, and a fatal syndrome of tissue damage.","volume":"51","author":"Lang","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03396.x","article-title":"A lethal myeloproliferative syndrome in mice transplanted with bone marrow cells infected with a retrovirus expressing granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor.","volume":"8","author":"Johnson","year":"1989","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.2.452","article-title":"The relationship of the 6-min walk test to maximal oxygen consumption in transplant candidates with end-stage lung disease.","volume":"108","author":"Cahalin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V82.12.3515.3515","article-title":"Hematopoietic regulators: redundancy or subtlety?","volume":"82","author":"Metcalf","year":"1993","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-60-2-314","article-title":"Nocardiosis as a complication of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.","volume":"60","author":"Beeson","year":"1964","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026032708170159700_B45","first-page":"2316","article-title":"Aerosol granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor: a low toxicity, lung-specific biologic therapy in patients with lung metastases.","volume":"5","author":"Anderson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/163\/2\/524\/67549263\/ajrccm_163_2_524.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/163\/2\/524\/67549263\/ajrccm_163_2_524.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T12:17:13Z","timestamp":1774613833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article\/163\/2\/524\/8541169"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,2,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/ajrccm.163.2.2003146","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-449X","1535-4970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-449X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2001,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,2,1]]}}}