{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T13:07:24Z","timestamp":1774616844211,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]],"date-time":"2001-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":988675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In six dogs studied in nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, we found that the frequency, volume, and timing of application of mechanical ventilator breaths had marked and sustained inhibitory effects on diaphragm electromyogram (EMGdi). Single ventilator breaths of tidal volume (Vt) 75\u2013200% of control caused apnea (up to three times eupneic expiratory time [Te]) when applied during the initial 25\u201365% of expiratory time. When continuous controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) was applied with ventilator frequency increased as little as 1 cycle\/min &amp;gt; eupnea and PaCO2 and Vt maintained at near eupneic control levels, EMGdi was silenced and triangularis sterni EMG (EMGts) became tonic within 2 to 5 ventilator cycles. On cessation of normocapnic CMV, apnea ensued with Te ranging from 1.2 to five times eupneic Te. The spontaneous Vt and EMGdi determined immediately after these prolonged apneas were also markedly reduced in amplitude. The larger the Vt applied during the isocapnic CMV (120\u2013200% of eupnea) and the longer the duration of the CMV (3\u201390 s), the longer the duration of the postventilator apnea. Significant postventilator apneas and postapneic hypoventilation also occurred even when end-tidal CO2 pressure (PETCO2) was raised 3\u20135 mm Hg &amp;gt; eupnea (and 7\u201310 mm Hg &amp;gt; normal apneic threshold) throughout CMV trials at raised frequency and Vt. Our findings demonstrate that the increased frequency of CMV was critical to the elimination of inspiratory motor output and the onset of tonic expiratory muscle activity; furthermore, once EMGdi was silenced, the tidal volume and duration of the passive mechanical ventilation determined the magnitude of the short-term inhibition of inspiratory motor output after cessation of CMV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.6.2004169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,4]],"date-time":"2013-04-04T14:39:20Z","timestamp":1365086360000},"page":"1356-1364","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Nonchemical Elimination of Inspiratory Motor Output via Mechanical Ventilation in Sleep"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"163","author":[{"given":"MAKATO","family":"SATOH","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"John Rankin Laboratory of Pulmonary Medicine and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"PETER R.","family":"EASTWOOD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Rankin Laboratory of Pulmonary Medicine and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"CURTIS A.","family":"SMITH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Rankin Laboratory of Pulmonary Medicine and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JEROME A.","family":"DEMPSEY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Rankin Laboratory of Pulmonary Medicine and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032708210540200_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.77.5.2079","article-title":"Apnea after normocapnic mechanical ventilation during NREM sleep.","volume":"77","author":"Leevers","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019971","article-title":"Apnea following normocapnic mechanical ventilation: a demonstration of control system inertia.","volume":"472","author":"Leevers","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Physiol (London)"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B3"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1999.0605p.x","article-title":"Non-chemical inhibition of respiratory motor output during mechanical ventilation in sleeping humans.","volume":"518","author":"Wilson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(93)90068-L","article-title":"Effect of inspiratory pressure support upon breathing in humans during wakefulness and sleep.","volume":"93","author":"Morrell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.74.3.1325","article-title":"Effect of inspiratory muscle unloading on arousal responses to CO2 and hypoxia in sleeping dogs.","volume":"74","author":"Kimoff","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/138.1.8","article-title":"Inhibition of inspiratory muscle activity during sleep: chemical and non-chemical influences.","volume":"138","author":"Henke","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.2.912","article-title":"Bifurcations of the respiratory pattern produced with phasic vagal stimulation in the rat.","volume":"75","author":"Sammon","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1973.36.2.284","article-title":"Characteristics of inflation and deflation reflexes during expiration in the cat.","volume":"36","author":"Knox","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)91005-2","article-title":"The effects of superior laryngeal nerve stimulation on the respiratory rhythm: phase resetting and after effects.","volume":"517","author":"Lewis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)91457-6","article-title":"Central respiratory oscillator: phase\u2013response analysis.","volume":"439","author":"Kitano","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.80.5.1749","article-title":"Respiratory control during volume-cycled ventilation in normal humans.","volume":"80","author":"Puddy","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.76.6.2315","article-title":"A volume-dependent apneic threshold during NREM sleep in the dog.","volume":"76","author":"Chow","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1976.40.5.688","article-title":"Regulation of respiration in sleeping dogs.","volume":"40","author":"Phillipson","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/144.5.1033","article-title":"Role of airway mechanoreceptors in the inhibition of inspiration during mechanical ventilation in humans.","volume":"144","author":"Simon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1985.59.4.1072","article-title":"Central adaptation to inspiratory inhibitory, expiratory prolonging vagal input.","volume":"59","author":"Younes","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.2.9032183","article-title":"The determinants of respiratory rate during mechanical ventilation.","volume":"155","author":"Tobert","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1982.53.1.105","article-title":"Recovery from central apnea: effect of stimulus duration and end-tidal PCO2 partial pressure.","volume":"53","author":"Lawson","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.3.1129","article-title":"Effects of rapid-eye movement sleep on the apneic threshold in dogs.","volume":"75","author":"Xi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1983.55.3.813","article-title":"Interaction of sleep state and chemical stimuli in sustaining rhythmic ventilation.","volume":"55","author":"Skatrud","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(95)00026-A","article-title":"The nature of breathing during hypocapnia in awake man.","volume":"101","author":"Corfield","year":"1995","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1963.tb13514.x","article-title":"Central regulation of respiration during anesthesia and wakefulness.","volume":"109","author":"Fink","year":"1963","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S154","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/19.suppl_10.154","article-title":"Excitatory drive to the respiratory system in REM sleep.","volume":"19","author":"Orem","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(76)90038-4","article-title":"Changes in the Breuer\u2013Hering reflexes following rostral pontine lesion.","volume":"28","author":"Knox","year":"1976","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(93)90119-U","article-title":"Inhibition of respiratory activity during passive ventilation: a role for intercostal afferents.","volume":"92","author":"Simon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(93)90016-4","article-title":"Frequency of mechanical ventilation and respiratory activity after double lung transplantation.","volume":"92","author":"Lofaso","year":"1993","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.12.030189.000305","article-title":"Short-term synaptic plasticity.","volume":"12","author":"Zucker","year":"1989","journal-title":"Amer Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(97)00087-X","article-title":"Short-term potentiation of carotid sinus nerve inputs to neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract.","volume":"110","author":"Mifflin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B29","first-page":"R870","article-title":"Convergent carotid sinus and superior laryngeal nerve afferent inputs to neurons in the NTS.","volume":"271","author":"Mifflin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/299728a0","article-title":"Reciprocal tonic activation of inspiratory and expiratory motoneurons by chemical drives.","volume":"299","author":"Sears","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019516","article-title":"Phase-dependent dynamic responses of respiratory motor activities following perturbation of the respiratory cycle in the cat.","volume":"461","author":"Oku","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.84.3.922","article-title":"Activity of medullary neurons during ventilator-induced apnea in sleep and wakefulness.","volume":"84","author":"Orem","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(96)00037-0","article-title":"Frequency and volume thresholds for inhibition of inspiratory motor output during mechanical ventilation.","volume":"105","author":"Manchanda","year":"1996","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B34","first-page":"A783","article-title":"Lung inflation during expiration resets respiratory rhythm in sleeping humans [abstract].","volume":"159","author":"Satoh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/147.1.32","article-title":"Effect of sleep on respiratory muscle activity during mechanical ventilation.","volume":"147","author":"Simon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2026032708210540200_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1978.sp012383","article-title":"On the transmission of the stimulating effects of carbon dioxide to the muscles of respiration.","volume":"280","author":"Bainton","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Physiol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/163\/6\/1356\/67547584\/ajrccm_163_6_1356.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/163\/6\/1356\/67547584\/ajrccm_163_6_1356.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T12:21:17Z","timestamp":1774614077000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article\/163\/6\/1356\/8541369"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/ajrccm.163.6.2004169","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-449X","1535-4970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-449X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2001,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]]}}}