{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T12:57:59Z","timestamp":1774616279884,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,1]],"date-time":"2001-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1001894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We wanted to determine the incidence, cost, outcome, and patterns of care for neonates requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) in the United States. Using 1994 state hospital discharge data from California and New York, we conducted an observational study of all neonatal hospitalizations (n = 16,405) with MV, comparing outcomes at centers of different technological capability, and generating national projections using census and natality reports. The MV rate was 18 per 1,000 live births. Although the incidence was much higher in lower birth weight (BW) babies, one-third had normal BW. The incidence was higher in boys (20 versus 15.6 per 1,000) and in blacks (29 per 1,000). Hospital mortality was 11.1%, higher in minority groups, and associated with low BW, congenital anomalies, and major hemorrhage. Mean hospital length of stay and costs were 31.1 d and $51,700. Half of all deaths occurred at lower level centers. There are 80,000 cases per year in the United States with 8,500 deaths and total hospital costs of $4.4 billion. We conclude neonatal respiratory failure is common, expensive, and frequently fatal. There are a surprisingly large number of normal BW cases and there are large racial differences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.7.2012126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,4]],"date-time":"2013-04-04T14:54:06Z","timestamp":1365087246000},"page":"1154-1160","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["Epidemiology of Neonatal Respiratory Failure in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"DEREK C.","family":"ANGUS","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, and the Center for Research on Health Care, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Health Process Management, Inc., Doylestown, Pennsylvania; Pediatrix Medical Group, Weston, Florida; and Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"WALTER T.","family":"LINDE-ZWIRBLE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, and the Center for Research on Health Care, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Health Process Management, Inc., Doylestown, Pennsylvania; Pediatrix Medical Group, Weston, Florida; and Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"GILLES","family":"CLERMONT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, and the Center for Research on Health Care, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Health Process Management, Inc., Doylestown, Pennsylvania; Pediatrix Medical Group, Weston, Florida; and Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MARTIN F.","family":"GRIFFIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, and the Center for Research on Health Care, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Health Process Management, Inc., Doylestown, Pennsylvania; Pediatrix Medical Group, Weston, Florida; and Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"REESE H.","family":"CLARK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, and the Center for Research on Health Care, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Health Process Management, Inc., Doylestown, Pennsylvania; Pediatrix Medical Group, Weston, Florida; and Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032708073933200_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.1950230827","article-title":"Pulmonary sequelae of prematurity: radiological manifestations.","volume":"16","author":"Chami","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol Suppl"},{"key":"2026032708073933200_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.1995.tb00756.x","article-title":"Rehospitalization and growth of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a matched control study.","volume":"31","author":"Chye","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"2026032708073933200_B3"},{"key":"2026032708073933200_B4"},{"key":"2026032708073933200_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70439-0","article-title":"Predictors of early childhood outcome in candidates for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.","volume":"128","author":"Vaucher","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026032708073933200_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(94)70134-2","article-title":"Severe respiratory failure in neonates: mortality and morbidity rates and neurodevelopmental outcomes.","volume":"125","author":"Walsh-Sukys","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026032708073933200_B7"},{"key":"2026032708073933200_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199303253281208","article-title":"Pulmonary surfactant therapy.","volume":"328","author":"Jobe","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032708073933200_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.6.1333","article-title":"Annual summary of vital statistics\u20141997.","volume":"102","author":"Guyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026032708073933200_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199801000-00013","article-title":"Comparisons of infant mortality using a percentile-based method of standardization for birthweight or gestational age.","volume":"9","author":"Hertz-Picciotto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026032708073933200_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70367-9","article-title":"Neonatal mortality for very low birth weight deliveries in South Carolina by level of hospital perinatal service.","volume":"179","author":"Menard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026032708073933200_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(96)00450-4","article-title":"Quality assessment of perinatal regionalization by multivariate analysis: Illinois, 1991\u20131993.","volume":"89","author":"Dooley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026032708073933200_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)70124-0","article-title":"Randomized, multicenter trial of inhaled nitric oxide and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in severe, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.","volume":"131","author":"Kinsella","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediat"},{"key":"2026032708073933200_B14"},{"key":"2026032708073933200_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200002173420704","article-title":"for the Clinical Inhaled Nitric Oxide Research Group. 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