{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T05:52:06Z","timestamp":1784094726672,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,1]],"date-time":"2006-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1151712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mycolic acid (MA) constitutes a major and distinguishing cell wall biolipid from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. MA interferes with the lipid homeostasis of alveolar macrophages, inducing differentiation into foamy macrophages exhibiting increased proinflammatory function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We verified the interference of this altered macrophage function with inhaled antigen\u2013triggered allergic airway inflammation and underlying Th2 lymphocyte reactivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using ovalbumin (OVA) as model allergen, C57BL\/6 or BALB\/C mice were sensitized by OVA-alum immunization. Experimental asthma, triggered subsequently by repetitive nebulized OVA inhalation, was assessed, using as readout parameters eosinophilia, peribronchial inflammation, and Th2 cytokine function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A single intratracheal treatment of sensitized mice with MA, inserted into liposomes as carriers, prevented the onset of OVA-triggered allergic airway inflammation and promoted unresponsiveness to a secondary set of allergen exposures. The development of this tolerant condition required an 8-d lapse after MA instillation, coinciding with the appearance of foamy alveolar macrophages. MA-conditioned CD11b+F4\/80+ macrophages, transferred to the airways, mimicked the tolerogenic function of instilled MA; however, without the 8-d lapse requirement. Indicative of a macrophage-mediated tolerogenic antigen-presenting function, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)\u2013mismatched donor macrophages failed to promote tolerance. Furthermore, Treg markers were strongly increased and established tolerance was lost after in situ depletion of CD25+ Treg cells. Contrary to the interleukin-10 dependence of tolerogenic dendritic cells, IFN-\u03b3 deficiency but not interleukin-10 deficiency abrogated the tolerogenic capacity of MA-conditioned macrophages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results document an innate-driven Mycobacterium tuberculosis MA-triggered immune regulatory mechanism in control of pulmonary allergic responses by converting macrophages into IFN-\u03b3\u2013dependent tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200507-1175oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,4]],"date-time":"2006-05-04T21:17:56Z","timestamp":1146777476000},"page":"152-160","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Macrophage Reprogramming by Mycolic Acid Promotes a Tolerogenic Response in Experimental Asthma"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"174","author":[{"given":"Johanna E.","family":"Korf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, Molecular Immunology Unit, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University; Department of Respiratory Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels; Laboratory of Allergology and Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gwenda","family":"Pynaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, Molecular Immunology Unit, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University; Department of Respiratory Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels; Laboratory of Allergology and Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"Tournoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, Molecular Immunology Unit, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University; Department of Respiratory Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels; Laboratory of Allergology and Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Boonefaes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, Molecular Immunology Unit, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University; Department of Respiratory Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels; Laboratory of Allergology and Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoon","family":"Van Oosterhout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, Molecular Immunology Unit, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University; Department of Respiratory Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels; Laboratory of Allergology and Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisy","family":"Ginneberge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, Molecular Immunology Unit, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University; Department of Respiratory Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels; Laboratory of Allergology and Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuschka","family":"Haegeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, Molecular Immunology Unit, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University; Department of Respiratory Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels; Laboratory of Allergology and Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan A.","family":"Verschoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, Molecular Immunology Unit, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University; Department of Respiratory Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels; Laboratory of Allergology and Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"De Baetselier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, Molecular Immunology Unit, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University; Department of Respiratory Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels; Laboratory of Allergology and Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Grooten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, Molecular Immunology Unit, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University; Department of Respiratory Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels; Laboratory of Allergology and Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032102402426600_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.17.1.255","volume":"17","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2026032102402426600_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200102013440507","volume":"344","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032102402426600_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200502-257OE","volume":"171","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care 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