{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:42:58Z","timestamp":1790390578990,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,1]],"date-time":"2006-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1151712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There has been increasing interest in using pulmonary biomarkers to understand and monitor the inflammation in the respiratory tract of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this Pulmonary Perspective we discuss the merits of the various approaches by reviewing the current literature on pulmonary biomarkers in COPD and underscore the need for more systematic studies in the future. Bronchial biopsies and bronchoalveolar lavage provide valuable information about inflammatory cells and mediators, but are invasive, so that repeated measurements have to be very limited in assessing any interventions. Induced sputum has provided considerable information about the inflammatory process, including mediators and proteinases in COPD, but selectively samples proximal airways and may not closely reflect distal inflammatory processes. Exhaled gases and breath condensate are noninvasive procedures, so repeated measurements are possible, but for some assays the variability is relatively high. There is relatively little information about how any of these biomarkers relate to other clinical outcomes, such as progression of the disease, severity of disease, clinical subtypes, or response to therapy. More information is also needed about the variability in these measurements. In the future, pulmonary biomarkers may be useful in predicting disease progression, indicating disease instability, and in predicting response to current therapies and novel therapies, many of which are now in development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200510-1659pp","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,23]],"date-time":"2006-03-23T20:55:38Z","timestamp":1143147338000},"page":"6-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":204,"title":["Pulmonary Biomarkers in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"174","author":[{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Barnes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College; Guy's, King's, and St Thomas' School of Biomedical Sciences, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom; United States Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland; Center for Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery, Grosshansdorf, Germany; University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Badrul","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College; Guy's, King's, and St Thomas' School of Biomedical Sciences, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom; United States Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland; Center for Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery, Grosshansdorf, Germany; University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergei A.","family":"Kharitonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College; Guy's, King's, and St Thomas' School of Biomedical Sciences, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom; United States Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland; Center for Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery, Grosshansdorf, Germany; University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helgo","family":"Magnussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College; Guy's, King's, and St Thomas' School of Biomedical Sciences, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom; United States Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland; Center for Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery, Grosshansdorf, Germany; University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clive P.","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College; Guy's, King's, and St Thomas' School of Biomedical Sciences, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom; United States Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland; Center for Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery, Grosshansdorf, Germany; University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirkje","family":"Postma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College; Guy's, King's, and St Thomas' School of Biomedical Sciences, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom; United States Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland; Center for Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery, Grosshansdorf, Germany; University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The 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