{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T23:24:21Z","timestamp":1791156261223,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]],"date-time":"2007-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1180656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Airway wall inflammation, IL-4, and mucus hypersecretion are thought to be associated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To quantify bronchial inflammatory cells in smokers with chronic bronchitis (CB) with and without airflow obstruction (AO), determining the cells expressing IL-4 and IL-5 and their association with submucosal gland mucin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We applied immunohistochemistry to identify, and double-labeling to colocalize, IL-4 and IL-5 to distinct inflammatory cells in resected bronchi from (1) 11 asymptomatic smokers (AS), (2) 11 smokers with CB, and (3) 10 smokers with CB and AO.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were greater numbers of mucosal and gland CD45+ leukocytes in CB (epithelium, 673\/mm2; subepithelium, 698\/mm2; gland, 517\/mm2) than in AS (331, 237, and 178\/mm2, respectively; p &amp;lt; 0.01 for all) or CB + AO (375, 243, and 215\/mm2, respectively; p &amp;lt; 0.05 for all). There were greater numbers of subepithelial and submucosal gland plasma cells in CB (subepithelium, 110\/mm2; gland, 213\/mm2) compared with AS (38 and 41\/mm2, respectively; p &amp;lt; 0.01 for both), and more subepithelial mast cells in CB (204\/mm2) than in AS (65\/mm2; p &amp;lt; 0.01) or CB + AO (115\/mm2; p &amp;lt; 0.01). In CB, the percentage of gland occupied by mucin was positively correlated with the numbers of interstitial CD45+ cells, plasma cells, and IL-4 protein+ cells. In CB, 69 and 62% of gland-associated plasma cells expressed IL-4 and IL-5, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inflammatory cells are increased in bronchial submucosal glands and mucosa of large airways in smokers with CB. Gland-associated plasma cells express IL-4, and these likely promote mucus hypersecretion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200602-161oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,22]],"date-time":"2007-02-22T20:59:20Z","timestamp":1172177960000},"page":"1125-1133","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Plasma Cells and IL-4 in Chronic Bronchitis and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"175","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lung Pathology Unit, Department of Gene Therapy, Imperial College London at the Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusheng","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lung Pathology Unit, Department of Gene Therapy, Imperial College London at the Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United 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