{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:57:55Z","timestamp":1787018275375,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]],"date-time":"2007-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1193875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has a major but unquantified impact on the risk of tuberculosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To quantify the impact of HIV infection on the number of tuberculosis cases in San Francisco.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We studied all patients reported with tuberculosis in San Francisco from 1991 to 2002. The initial isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were genotyped using IS6110 restriction fragment-length polymorphism genotyping as the primary method, and clustered cases (identical genotype patterns) were identified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We determined the case number, case rate, and the fraction of tuberculosis attributable to HIV infection. Of 2,991 reported tuberculosis cases, 2,193 (73.3%) had a genotype pattern of M. tuberculosis available. Genotypic clusters with at least one HIV-positive person were larger, lasted longer, and had a shorter time between successive cases relative to clusters with only HIV-uninfected persons (P &amp;lt; 0.00005, P = 0.0009, P = 0.018, respectively). Overall, 13.7% of the tuberculosis cases were attributable to HIV infection and an estimated 405 excess tuberculosis cases occurred.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During a period encompassing the resurgence and decline of tuberculosis in San Francisco, a substantial number of the tuberculosis cases were attributable to HIV infection. Coinfection with HIV amplified the local tuberculosis epidemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200603-440oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,9]],"date-time":"2007-08-09T21:14:57Z","timestamp":1186694097000},"page":"936-944","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Quantitative Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection on Tuberculosis Dynamics"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"176","author":[{"given":"Kathryn","family":"DeRiemer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. Masae","family":"Kawamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tuberculosis Section, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California"},{"name":"Francis J. 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