{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T05:24:16Z","timestamp":1792733056110,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]],"date-time":"2006-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1164931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Small airway remodeling (SAR) is an important cause of airflow obstruction in cigarette smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but the pathogenesis of SAR is not understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether smoke causes production of profibrotic growth factors in the airway wall.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We exposed C57Bl\/6 mice to cigarette smoke for up to 6 mo and examined growth factor\/procollagen gene expression in laser-capture microdissected small airways by real-time reverse transcription\u2013polymerase chain reaction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With a single smoke exposure, increases in procollagen, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b21, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-A and -B expression were seen 2 h after the start of smoking and declined to baseline by 24 h. With repeated exposures and at killing of animals 24 h after the last exposure, increases in procollagen, CTGF, PDGF-B, and (minimally) PDGF-A expression persisted through 1 wk, 1 mo, and 6 mo. TGF-\u03b21 gene expression declined over time; however, increased immunochemical staining for phopho-Smad 2 was present at all time points, indicating continuing TGF-\u03b2 downstream signaling. Morphometric analysis showed that the small airways in smoke-exposed mice had more collagen at 6 mo.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that smoke can induce growth factor and procollagen production in small airways in a time frame that initially is too short for a significant inflammatory response and that profibrotic growth factor and procollagen gene expression become self-sustaining with repeated smoke exposures. These results imply that the pathogenesis of and possible treatment approaches to emphysema and small airway remodeling might be quite different.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200605-585oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,28]],"date-time":"2006-09-28T21:25:22Z","timestamp":1159478722000},"page":"1327-1334","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":132,"title":["Cigarette Smoke Drives Small Airway Remodeling by Induction of Growth Factors in the Airway Wall"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"174","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Churg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, 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