{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T03:50:37Z","timestamp":1792900237960,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,1]],"date-time":"2007-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1183248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Smoking-related lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer are growing epidemics in women in the United States and elsewhere. Although some of this disturbing trend in women can be attributed to changing smoking habits, there is emerging evidence that women may be biologically more susceptible to the harmful effects of cigarette smoke than are men. Estrogen and related compounds may up-regulate the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in lungs and liver, which are involved in the metabolism of various constituents of cigarette smoke. Although metabolism of foreign substances is usually beneficial in eliminating potential toxins from the body, in some instances the metabolic process can transform harmless substances into toxic chemicals through a process called metabolic bioactivation. One important xenobiotic substrate for CYP enzymes in cigarette smoke is polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, which in its native form is relatively harmless in small doses but upon bioactivation by CYP enzymes, can become very toxic substances for the lungs. In this article, we explore CYP and other related pathways as potential mechanisms and targets of future research and novel discoveries to curb the growing epidemic of COPD and lung cancer in women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200611-1655pp","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,5]],"date-time":"2007-04-05T21:21:02Z","timestamp":1175808062000},"page":"113-120","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"title":["The Growing Burden of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lung Cancer in Women"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"176","author":[{"given":"Sigal","family":"Ben-Zaken Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The James Hogg iCAPTURE Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St. Paul\u2019s Hospital, and the Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter D.","family":"Par\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The James Hogg iCAPTURE Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St. Paul\u2019s Hospital, and the Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. F. Paul","family":"Man","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The James Hogg iCAPTURE Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St. Paul\u2019s Hospital, and the Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Don D.","family":"Sin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The James Hogg iCAPTURE Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St. Paul\u2019s Hospital, and the Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.10.1255","volume":"294","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB2","first-page":"1","volume":"51","year":"2002","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07492-2","volume":"349","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB4","first-page":"1","volume":"19","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB5","first-page":"10","volume":"55","year":"2005","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB6","first-page":"1124","volume":"54","year":"2005","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199609263351304","volume":"335","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.94.07061056","volume":"7","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10040822","volume":"10","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg083","volume":"157","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116857","volume":"138","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/88.3-4.183","volume":"88","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910540108","volume":"54","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djh143","volume":"96","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.2.180","volume":"296","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2004.037135","volume":"60","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB17"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1021\/tx00029a008","volume":"5","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1081\/DMR-120033996","volume":"36","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Metab Rev"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra032424","volume":"352","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.105.006254","volume":"33","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.1089","volume":"261","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6304879","volume":"221","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(96)03515-9","volume":"114","year":"1996","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB25","first-page":"553","volume":"67","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB26","first-page":"6002","volume":"9","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.20128","volume":"44","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Carcinog"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9776","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.18.9776","volume":"93","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2006.01.008","volume":"79","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2004.02.011","volume":"76","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1080\/004982598238868","volume":"28","year":"1998","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200241050-00002","volume":"41","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-006-0113-3","volume":"62","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB34","first-page":"3317","volume":"59","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.14.1763","volume":"291","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1122","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00309.2001","volume":"282","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)10151-X","volume":"45","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)21310-6","volume":"279","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB39","first-page":"47","volume":"9","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev Immunol"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02815-4","volume":"356","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.4.7921469","volume":"150","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.151.6.7767519","volume":"151","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00040703","volume":"22","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.3.9805036","volume":"159","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2554494","volume":"246","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/17.10.2201","volume":"17","year":"1996","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/em.1037","volume":"37","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.10177","volume":"21","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Mutat"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/21.3.353","volume":"21","year":"2000","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.21.1764","volume":"92","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.09.003","volume":"50","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/86.11.869","volume":"86","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.02.9827","volume":"24","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00024605","volume":"27","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.9.1132","volume":"287","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026032102214247200_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2005.00723.x","volume":"10","year":"2005","journal-title":"Respirology"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/176\/2\/113\/67330082\/ajrccm_176_2_113.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/176\/2\/113\/67330082\/ajrccm_176_2_113.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T06:21:52Z","timestamp":1774074112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article\/176\/2\/113\/8518145"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.200611-1655pp","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-449X","1535-4970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-449X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]}}}