{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T07:59:39Z","timestamp":1774079979787,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,1]],"date-time":"2007-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1183248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Deep inspirations provide physiologic protection against airway narrowing in healthy subjects, which is impaired in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Airway inflammation has been suggested to alter airway mechanics during deep inspiration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We tested the hypothesis that the number of bronchial inflammatory cells is related to deep inspiration\u2013induced bronchodilation in asthma and COPD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a cross-sectional study, three modified methacholine challenges were performed in 13 patients with mild, persistent asthma, 12 patients with mild to moderate COPD, and 12 healthy control subjects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After a 20-minute period of deep inspiration avoidance, inhalation of methacholine was followed by either one or five deep inspirations, or preceded by five deep inspirations. The response to deep inspiration was measured by forced oscillation technique. Inflammatory cells were counted within the lamina propria and airway smooth muscle area in bronchial biopsies of patients with asthma and COPD. The reduction in expiratory resistance by one and five deep inspirations was significantly less in asthma (mean change \u00b1 SD: \u22120.5 \u00b1 0.8 and \u22120.9 \u00b1 1.0 cm H2O\/L\/s, respectively) and COPD (+0.2 \u00b1 1.1 and +0.4 \u00b1 1.0 cm H2O\/L\/s, respectively) as compared with healthy subjects (\u22121.5 \u00b1 1.3 and \u22122.0 \u00b1 1.2 cm H2O\/L\/s, respectively; p = 0.05 and p = 0.001, respectively). In asthma, this was related to an increase in mast cell numbers within the airway smooth muscle area (r = 0.73; p = 0.03), and in CD4+ lymphocytes in the lamina propria (r = 0.61; p = 0.04).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inflammation in the airway smooth muscle bundles and submucosa of bronchial biopsies is positively associated with impaired airway mechanics during deep inspiration in asthma, but not in COPD. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCTOO279136).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200612-1814oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,22]],"date-time":"2007-03-22T20:48:02Z","timestamp":1174596482000},"page":"121-128","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Bronchial Inflammation and Airway Responses to Deep Inspiration in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"176","author":[{"given":"Annelies M.","family":"Slats","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden. The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Janssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden. The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annemarie","family":"van Schadewijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden. The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dirk T.","family":"van der Plas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden. The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Schot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden. The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joost G.","family":"van den Aardweg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johan C.","family":"de Jongste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center\u2013Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pieter S.","family":"Hiemstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden. The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thais","family":"Mauad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Sa\u00f5 Paulo University Medical School, Sa\u00f5 Paulo, Brazil; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaus F.","family":"Rabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden. The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Sterk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden. 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