{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:47:05Z","timestamp":1791308825282,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,1]],"date-time":"2008-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1207008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Structural alterations to airway smooth muscle (ASM) are a feature of asthma and cystic fibrosis (CF) in adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated whether increase in ASM mass is already present in children with chronic inflammatory lung disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed in 78 children (median age [IQR], 11.3 [8.5\u201313.8] yr): 24 with asthma, 27 with CF, 16 with non-CF bronchiectasis (BX), and 11 control children without lower respiratory tract disease. Endobronchial biopsy ASM content and myocyte number and size were quantified using stereology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The median (IQR) volume fraction of subepithelial tissue occupied by ASM was increased in the children with asthma (0.27 [0.12\u20130.49]; P &amp;lt; 0.0001), CF (0.12 [0.06\u20130.21]; P &amp;lt; 0.01), and BX (0.16 [0.04\u20130.21]; P &amp;lt; 0.01) compared with control subjects (0.04 [0.02\u20130.05]). ASM content was related to bronchodilator responsiveness in the asthmatic group (r = 0.66, P &amp;lt; 0.01). Median (IQR) myocyte number (cells per mm2 of reticular basement membrane) was 8,204 (5,270\u201311,749; P &amp;lt; 0.05) in children with asthma, 4,504 (2,838\u20138,962; not significant) in children with CF, 4,971 (3,476\u201310,057; not significant) in children with BX, and 1,944 (1,596\u20136,318) in control subjects. Mean (SD) myocyte size (\u03bcm3) was 3,344 (801; P &amp;lt; 0.01) in children with asthma, 3,264 (809; P &amp;lt; 0.01) in children with CF, 3,177 (873; P &amp;lt; 0.05) in children with BX, and 1,927 (386) in control subjects. In all disease groups, the volume fraction of ASM in subepithelial tissue was related to myocyte number (asthma: r = 0.84, P &amp;lt; 0.001; CF: r = 0.81, P &amp;lt; 0.01; BX: r = 0.95, P &amp;lt; 0.001), but not to myocyte size.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increases in ASM (both number and size) occur in children with chronic inflammatory lung diseases that include CF, asthma, and BX.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200707-977oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,24]],"date-time":"2008-01-24T21:24:59Z","timestamp":1201209899000},"page":"837-843","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":139,"title":["Increased Airway Smooth Muscle Mass in Children with Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"177","author":[{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Regamey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Gene Therapy, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Ochs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom N.","family":"Hilliard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Gene Therapy, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"M\u00fchlfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikki","family":"Cornish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gene Therapy, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Fleming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sejal","family":"Saglani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric W. 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