{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:57:18Z","timestamp":1791269838608,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]],"date-time":"2008-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1222819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic exposure to air pollution has been associated with adverse effects on children's lung growth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed the effects of chronic exposure to urban levels of particulate matter (PM) on selected phases of mouse lung development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The exposure occurred in two open-top chambers (filtered and nonfiltered) placed 20 m from a street with heavy traffic in Sa\u0303o Paulo, 24 hours\/day for 8 months. There was a significant reduction of the levels of PM2.5 inside the filtered chamber (filtered = 2.9 \u00b1 3.0 \u03bcg\/m3, nonfiltered = 16.8 \u00b1 8.3 \u03bcg\/m3; P = 0.001). At this exposure site, vehicular sources are the major components of PM2.5 (PM \u2264 2.5\u03bcm). Exposure of the parental generation in the two chambers occurred from the 10th to the 120th days of life. After mating and birth of offspring, a crossover of mothers and pups occurred within the chambers, resulting in four groups of pups: nonexposed, prenatal, postnatal, and pre+postnatal. Offspring were killed at the age of 15 (n = 42) and 90 (n = 35) days; lungs were analyzed by morphometry for surface to volume ratio (as an estimator of alveolization). Pressure\u2013volume curves were performed in the older groups, using a 20-ml plethysmograph.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mice exposed to PM2.5 pre+postnatally presented a smaller surface to volume ratio when compared with nonexposed animals (P = 0.036). The pre+postnatal group presented reduced inspiratory and expiratory volumes at higher levels of transpulmonary pressure (P = 0.001). There were no differences among prenatal and postnatal exposure and nonexposed animals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our data provide anatomical and functional support to the concept that chronic exposure to urban PM affects lung growth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200803-436oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,2]],"date-time":"2008-07-02T21:09:09Z","timestamp":1215032949000},"page":"721-728","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Chronic Exposure to Ambient Levels of Urban Particles Affects Mouse Lung Development"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"178","author":[{"given":"Thais","family":"Mauad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Sa\u0303o Paulo University Medical School, Sa\u0303o Paulo, Brazil; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dolores","family":"Helena Rodriguez Ferreira Rivero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Sa\u0303o Paulo University Medical School, Sa\u0303o Paulo, Brazil; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regiani Carvalho","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Sa\u0303o Paulo University Medical School, Sa\u0303o Paulo, Brazil; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Julia","family":"de Faria Coimbra Lichtenfels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Sa\u0303o Paulo University Medical School, Sa\u0303o Paulo, Brazil; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliane Tigre","family":"Guimara\u0303es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Sa\u0303o Paulo University Medical School, Sa\u0303o Paulo, Brazil; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo Afonso","family":"de Andre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Sa\u0303o Paulo University Medical School, Sa\u0303o Paulo, Brazil; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Itiro","family":"Kasahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heloisa Maria","family":"de Siqueira Bueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Sa\u0303o Paulo University Medical School, Sa\u0303o Paulo, Brazil; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo Hil\u00e1rio Nascimento","family":"Saldiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Sa\u0303o Paulo University Medical School, Sa\u0303o Paulo, Brazil; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032102293087400_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2005000200011","volume":"38","year":"2005","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"2026032102293087400_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.01.056","volume":"115","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin 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