{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:44:45Z","timestamp":1793148285994,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]],"date-time":"2011-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1298937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This is an update on sarcoidosis, focusing on etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. In the area of etiopathogenesis, we now have a better understanding of the immune response that leads to the disease as well as genetic factors that modify both the risk for the disease and its clinical outcome. Several groups have also identified possible agents as a cause for sarcoidosis. Although none of these potential causes has been definitely confirmed, there is increasing evidence to support that one or more infectious agents may cause sarcoidosis, although this organism may no longer be viable in the patient. The diagnosis of sarcoidosis has been significantly aided by new technology. This includes the endobronchial ultrasound, which has been shown to increase the yield of needle aspiration of mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes. The positive emission tomography scan has proven useful for selecting possible biopsy sites by identifying organ involvement not appreciated by routine methodology. It has also helped in assessing cardiac involvement. The biologic agents, such as the anti\u2013tumor necrosis factor antibodies, have changed the approach to refractory sarcoidosis. There is increasing evidence that the clinician can identify which patient is most likely to benefit from such therapy. As new and more potent antiinflammatory agents have been developed, it is clear that there are other factors that burden the patient with sarcoidosis, including fatigue and sarcoidosis-associated pulmonary hypertension. There have been several recent studies demonstrating treatment options for these problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201006-0865ci","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,29]],"date-time":"2010-10-29T22:53:54Z","timestamp":1288392834000},"page":"573-581","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":409,"title":["A Concise Review of Pulmonary Sarcoidosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"183","author":[{"given":"Robert P.","family":"Baughman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Culver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc A.","family":"Judson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB1","first-page":"149","volume-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB2","first-page":"166","volume-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB3","first-page":"391","volume-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB4","first-page":"720","volume-title":"Am J Hum Genet","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB5","first-page":"444","volume-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB6","first-page":"307","volume-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB7","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Respir Res.","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB8","first-page":"406","volume-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB9","first-page":"840","volume-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB10","first-page":"357","volume-title":"Nat Genet","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB11","first-page":"491","volume-title":"Am J Hum Genet","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB12","first-page":"509","volume-title":"Genes Immun","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB13","first-page":"1103","volume-title":"Nat Genet","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB14","first-page":"151","volume-title":"Chest","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB15","first-page":"4952","volume-title":"J Immunol","year":"1996"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB16","first-page":"185","volume-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB17","first-page":"36","volume-title":"J Lab Clin Med","year":"1990"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB18","first-page":"795","volume-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB19","first-page":"929","volume-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB20","first-page":"174","volume-title":"Clin Immunol","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB21","first-page":"627","volume-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB22","first-page":"549","volume-title":"Eur Respir J","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB23","first-page":"198","volume-title":"J Clin Microbiol","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB24","first-page":"755","volume-title":"J Exp Med","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB25","first-page":"8784","volume-title":"J Immunol","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB26","first-page":"527","volume-title":"Infect Immun","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB27","first-page":"3740","volume-title":"Infect Immun","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB28","first-page":"36","volume-title":"Respir Res","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB29","first-page":"460","volume-title":"Clin Exp Immunol","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB30","first-page":"445","volume-title":"J Clin Immunol","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB31","first-page":"465","volume-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB32","first-page":"360","volume-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB33","first-page":"1510","volume-title":"Clin Chem","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB34"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB35","first-page":"497","volume-title":"Am J Pathol","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB36","first-page":"1062","volume-title":"Lancet.","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026032504250025100_BIB37","first-page":"217","volume-title":"Am. 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