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For example, increased risk of TB disease begins early in the course of HIV infection; however, the mechanism by which HIV increases this risk is not well understood. In addition, there is lack of consensus on the optimal way to diagnose latent TB infection and to manage active disease in those who are HIV infected. Furthermore, effective point-of-care testing for TB disease remains elusive. This review discusses key areas in the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of active and latent TB in those infected with HIV, focusing attention on issues related to high- and low-burden areas. Particular emphasis is placed on controversial areas where there are gaps in knowledge and on future directions of study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201008-1246ci","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,22]],"date-time":"2010-12-22T22:29:26Z","timestamp":1293056966000},"page":"987-997","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Novel Developments in the Epidemic of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Tuberculosis Coinfection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"183","author":[{"given":"Asha","family":"Anandaiah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keertan","family":"Dheda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lung Infection and Immunity Unit and Centre for TB Research and Innovation, University of Cape Town Lung Institute and Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"},{"name":"Centre for Infectious Diseases and International Health, University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Keane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, and St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Koziel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A. 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