{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T20:34:59Z","timestamp":1791059699206,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,1]],"date-time":"2011-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1309478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH) is being recognized with increasing frequency. Diagnostic and treatment information is limited. A systematic review is presented, focusing on patient demographics, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment options, and outcomes. A systematic electronic literature search was conducted for adult DIPNECH cases reported in the English literature during the past 6 years. Twenty-four DIPNECH cases were identified. Another case from our institution is contributed. Women represent 92% (23 of 25). Mean age at diagnosis was 58 years (range, 36\u201376 yr). Most were nonsmokers (16 of 24). Symptoms included cough (71%), dyspnea (63%), and wheezing (25%) occurring days to years before diagnosis. Pulmonary function testing showed obstructive ventilatory disease in 54%. Lung nodules were seen in 15 patients (63%), ground-glass attenuation in 7 patients (29%), and bronchiectasis in 5 patients (21%). Histological confirmation required surgical lung biopsy for 88%; however, transbronchial biopsies alone were diagnostic in three patients. Treatments strategies included systemic and inhaled corticosteroids, bronchodilators, and lung resection. Available follow-up data in 17 patients showed 6 clinically improved, 7 who remained stable, and 4 clinically deteriorated. The majority of patients presenting with DIPNECH are middle-aged females with symptoms of cough and dyspnea; obstructive abnormalities on pulmonary function testing; and radiographic imaging showing pulmonary nodules, ground-glass attenuation, and bronchiectasis. In general, the clinical course remains stable; however, progression to respiratory failure does occur. Long-term follow-up and treatment remains incomplete. Establishment of a national multicenter DIPNECH registry would allow formulation of optimal evidence-based guidelines for management of these patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201010-1685pp","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,25]],"date-time":"2011-03-25T22:13:17Z","timestamp":1301091197000},"page":"8-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["Diffuse Idiopathic Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia: A Systematic Overview"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"184","author":[{"given":"Adrienne A.","family":"Nassar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawn E.","family":"Jaroszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Helmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas V.","family":"Colby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhavesh M.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farouk","family":"Mookadam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, 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