{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T07:57:23Z","timestamp":1793692643457,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]],"date-time":"2011-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Several studies have linked long-term exposure to particulate air pollution with increased cardiopulmonary mortality; only two have also examined incident circulatory disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine associations of individualized long-term exposures to particulate and gaseous air pollution with incident myocardial infarction and stroke, as well as all-cause and cause-specific mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We estimated long-term residential air pollution exposure for more than 100,000 participants in the California Teachers Study, a prospective cohort of female public school professionals. We linked geocoded residential addresses with inverse distance-weighted monthly pollutant surfaces for two measures of particulate matter and for several gaseous pollutants. We examined associations between exposure to these pollutants and risks of incident myocardial infarction and stroke, and of all-cause and cause-specific mortality, using Cox proportional hazards models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found elevated hazard ratios linking long-term exposure to particulate matter less than 2.5 \u03bcm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), scaled to an increment of 10 \u03bcg\/m3 with mortality from ischemic heart disease (IHD) (1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02\u20131.41) and, particularly among postmenopausal women, incident stroke (1.19; 95% CI, 1.02\u20131.38). Long-term exposure to particulate matter less than 10 \u03bcm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) was associated with elevated risks for IHD mortality (1.06; 95% CI, 0.99\u20131.14) and incident stroke (1.06; 95% CI, 1.00\u20131.13), while exposure to nitrogen oxides was associated with elevated risks for IHD and all cardiovascular mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides evidence linking long-term exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 with increased risks of incident stroke as well as IHD mortality; exposure to nitrogen oxides was also related to death from cardiovascular diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201012-2082oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,25]],"date-time":"2011-06-25T10:42:43Z","timestamp":1308998563000},"page":"828-835","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":316,"title":["Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Cardiorespiratory Disease in the California Teachers Study Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"184","author":[{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Lipsett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart D.","family":"Ostro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Oakland, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peggy","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Berkeley and Fremont, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Berkeley and Fremont, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Hertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Berkeley and Fremont, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Jerrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel F.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen T.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Berkeley and Fremont, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032101215824800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312093292401","article-title":"An association between air pollution and mortality in six US cities","volume":"329","author":"Dockery","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032101215824800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200503-443OC","article-title":"Reduction in fine particulate air pollution and mortality","volume":"173","author":"Laden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032101215824800_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000108927.80044.7F","article-title":"Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution: epidemiological evidence of general pathophysiological pathways of disease","volume":"109","author":"Pope","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026032101215824800_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.9.1132","article-title":"Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution","volume":"287","author":"Pope","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026032101215824800_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054409","article-title":"Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women","volume":"356","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032101215824800_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000181630.15826.7d","article-title":"Spatial analysis of air pollution and mortality in Los Angeles","volume":"16","author":"Jerrett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026032101215824800_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0803894","article-title":"Long-term ozone exposure and mortality","volume":"360","author":"Jerrett","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032101215824800_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900572","article-title":"Chronic fine and coarse particulate exposure, mortality, and coronary heart disease in the Nurses\u2019 Health Study","volume":"117","author":"Puett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026032101215824800_bib9","first-page":"S121","article-title":"Air pollution and cardiovascular disease in the California Teachers Study cohort [abstract]","volume":"19","author":"Lipsett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026032101215824800_bib10","first-page":"625","article-title":"High breast cancer incidence rates among California teachers: results from the California Teachers Study (United States)","volume":"13","author":"Bernstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"2026032101215824800_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780140510","article-title":"Probabilistic linkage of large public health data files","volume":"14","author":"Jaro","year":"1995","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2026032101215824800_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10767","article-title":"Long-term effects of traffic-related air pollution on mortality in a Dutch cohort (NLCS-AIR Study)","volume":"116","author":"Beelen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026032101215824800_bib13","first-page":"66","article-title":"Extended follow-up and spatial analysis of the American Cancer Society study linking particulate air pollution and mortality. 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