{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:01:34Z","timestamp":1790643694470,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]],"date-time":"2011-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) as an early weaning\/extubation technique from mechanical ventilation remains controversial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate NIV effectiveness as an early weaning\/extubation technique in difficult-to-wean patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure (CHRF).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 13 intensive care units, 208 patients with CHRF intubated for acute respiratory failure (ARF) who failed a first spontaneous breathing trial were randomly assigned to three groups: conventional invasive weaning group (n = 69), extubation followed by standard oxygen therapy (n = 70), or NIV (n = 69). NIV was permitted as rescue therapy for both non-NIV groups if postextubation ARF occurred. Primary endpoint was reintubation within 7 days after extubation. Secondary endpoints were: occurrence of postextubation ARF or death within 7 days after extubation, use of rescue postextubation NIV, weaning time, and patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reintubation rates were 30, 37, and 32% for invasive weaning, oxygen-therapy, and NIV groups, respectively (P = 0.654). Weaning failure rates, including postextubation ARF, were 54, 71, and 33%, respectively (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Rescue NIV success rates for invasive and oxygen-therapy groups were 45 and 58%, respectively (P = 0.386). By design, intubation duration was 1.5 days longer for the invasive group than in the two others. Apart from a longer weaning time in NIV than in invasive group (2.5 vs. 1.5 d; P = 0.033), no significant outcome difference was observed between groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No difference was found in the reintubation rate between the three weaning strategies. NIV decreases the intubation duration and may improve the weaning results in difficult-to-wean patients with CHRF by reducing the risk of postextubation ARF. The benefit of rescue NIV in these patients deserves confirmation.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 00213499).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201101-0035oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,17]],"date-time":"2011-06-17T19:30:30Z","timestamp":1308339030000},"page":"672-679","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":139,"title":["Noninvasive Ventilation and Weaning in Patients with Chronic Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure: A Randomized Multicenter Trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"184","author":[{"given":"Christophe","family":"Girault","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Intensive Care, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France"},{"name":"UPRES EA 3830-IFRMP.23, Institute for Biomedical Research, Rouen University, Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Bubenheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fekri","family":"Abroug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Intensive Care Unit, Monastir University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Luc","family":"Diehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Intensive Care Unit, Georges Pompidou University Hospital, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souheil","family":"Elatrous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Intensive Care Unit, Mahdia University Hospital, Mahdia, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Beuret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medico-surgical Intensive Care Unit, Roanne Hospital, Roanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Richecoeur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medico-surgical Intensive Care Unit, Pontoise Hospital, Pontoise, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erwan","family":"L'Her","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Intensive Care Unit, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Hilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Intensive Care Unit, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Capellier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Intensive Care Unit, Besan\u00e7on University Hospital, Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Rabbat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory and Medical Intensive Care Unit, H\u00f4tel-Dieu University Hospital, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Besbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Intensive Care Unit, Ariana University Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude","family":"Gu\u00e9rin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Intensive Care Unit, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, 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