{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:23:12Z","timestamp":1790176992077,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]],"date-time":"2011-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Metabolomics, a science of systems biology, is the global assessment of endogenous metabolites within a biologic system and represents a \u201csnapshot\u201d reading of gene function, enzyme activity, and the physiological landscape. Metabolite detection, either individual or grouped as a metabolomic profile, is usually performed in cells, tissues, or biofluids by either nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy or mass spectrometry followed by sophisticated multivariate data analysis. Because loss of metabolic homeostasis is common in critical illness, the metabolome could have many applications, including biomarker and drug target identification. Metabolomics could also significantly advance our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of acute illnesses, such as sepsis and acute lung injury\/acute respiratory distress syndrome. Despite this potential, the clinical community is largely unfamiliar with the field of metabolomics, including the methodologies involved, technical challenges, and, most importantly, clinical uses. Although there is evidence of successful preclinical applications, the clinical usefulness and application of metabolomics in critical illness is just beginning to emerge, the advancement of which hinges on linking metabolite data to known and validated clinically relevant indices. In addition, other important aspects, such as patient selection, sample collection, and processing, as well as the needed multivariate data analysis, have to be taken into consideration before this innovative approach to biomarker discovery can become a reliable tool in the intensive care unit. The purpose of this review is to begin to familiarize clinicians with the field of metabolomics and its application for biomarker discovery in critical illnesses such as sepsis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201103-0474ci","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,17]],"date-time":"2011-06-17T19:30:30Z","timestamp":1308339030000},"page":"647-655","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":172,"title":["The Emerging Field of Quantitative Blood Metabolomics for Biomarker Discovery in Critical Illnesses"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"184","author":[{"given":"Natalie J.","family":"Serkova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine"},{"name":"NMR Metabolomics Core of the Colorado Clinical Translational Science Institute, and"},{"name":"University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodore J.","family":"Standiford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen A.","family":"Stringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Social, and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp020096","article-title":"Treating sepsis","volume":"347","author":"Wenzel","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1546","article-title":"The lingering consequences of sepsis: a hidden public health disaster?","volume":"304","author":"Angus","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1803","article-title":"Hospitalizations for extreme conditions mean extreme expenses, study verifies","volume":"304","author":"Mitka","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-009-2690-3","article-title":"From differentiating metabolites to biomarkers","volume":"394","author":"Koulman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2007.05.004","article-title":"Severity of illness and organ failure assessment in adult intensive care units","volume":"23","author":"Afessa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13547500410001668379","article-title":"Metabonomics technologies and their applications in physiological monitoring, drug safety assessment and disease diagnosis","volume":"9","author":"Lindon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-1059","article-title":"Clinical applications of metabolomics in oncology: a review","volume":"15","author":"Spratlin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07762","article-title":"Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression","volume":"457","author":"Sreekumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.03.043","article-title":"Application of metabolomics to cardiovascular biomarker and pathway discovery","volume":"52","author":"Lewis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10538","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010538","article-title":"Quantitative metabolomics by H-NMR and LC-MS\/MS confirms altered metabolic pathways in diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Lanza","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2010.11.040","article-title":"Principal component directed partial least squares analysis for combining nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry data in metabolomics: application to the detection of breast cancer","volume":"686","author":"Gu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.3.4.527","article-title":"Biochemical mechanisms of nephrotoxicity: application for metabolomics","volume":"3","author":"Niemann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1586\/14737159.6.5.717","article-title":"Pattern recognition and biomarker validation using quantitative 1H-NMR-based metabolomics","volume":"6","author":"Serkova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd728","article-title":"Metabonomics: a platform for studying drug toxicity and gene function","volume":"1","author":"Nicholson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib15","article-title":"Metabolomic profiling for identification of novel potential biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases","author":"Barderas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biomed Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1021\/tx700335d","article-title":"NMR-based metabolic profiling and metabonomic approaches to problems in molecular toxicology","volume":"21","author":"Coen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib17","first-page":"253","article-title":"Metabolomics in humans and other mammals","author":"Wishart","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/83496","article-title":"A functional genomics strategy that uses metabolome data to reveal the phenotype of silent mutations","volume":"19","author":"Raamsdonk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L4","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00231.2010","article-title":"Metabolic consequences of sepsis-induced acute lung injury revealed by plasma (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance quantitative metabolomics and computational analysis","volume":"300","author":"Stringer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00375.2010","article-title":"Metabolomics of sepsis-induced acute lung injury: a new approach for biomarkers","volume":"300","author":"Lacy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/msb4100177","article-title":"The Edinburgh human metabolic network reconstruction and its functional analysis","volume":"3","author":"Ma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Syst Biol"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4889(96)00081-X","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of immunosuppressants on neuronal and glial cells in vitro by multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"1314","author":"Serkova","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D521","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl923","article-title":"HMDB: the human metabolome database","volume":"35","author":"Wishart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.2174\/156720207782446388","article-title":"Alterations in cerebral metabolomics and proteomic expression during sepsis","volume":"4","author":"Hinkelbein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Neurovasc Res"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1038\/4551054a","article-title":"Systems biology: metabonomics","volume":"455","author":"Nicholson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.935","article-title":"NMR-based metabonomic approaches for evaluating physiological influences on biofluid composition","volume":"18","author":"Bollard","year":"2005","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2004.03.007","article-title":"Metabolomics by numbers: acquiring and understanding global metabolite data","volume":"22","author":"Goodacre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-2346","article-title":"Metabolomics by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the response to chloroethylnitrosourea reveals drug efficacy and tumor adaptive metabolic pathways","volume":"67","author":"Morvan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib29","first-page":"40","article-title":"Metabolomics in pharmaceutical research and development: metabolites, mechanisms and pathways","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1021\/ac061354x","article-title":"Human urine as test material in 1H NMR-based metabonomics: recommendations for sample preparation and storage","volume":"79","author":"Lauridsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3029","DOI":"10.1021\/pr900103y","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia induce distinct metabolic responses","volume":"8","author":"Slupsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5550","DOI":"10.1021\/pr9006427","article-title":"Pneumococcal pneumonia: potential for diagnosis through a urinary metabolic profile","volume":"8","author":"Slupsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6995","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0708588","article-title":"Investigations of the effects of gender, diurnal variation, and age in human urinary metabolomic profiles","volume":"79","author":"Slupsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R202","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.90757.2008","article-title":"Individual variation in macronutrient regulation measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of human plasma","volume":"297","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib35","first-page":"31","article-title":"1H-NMR-based metabolic signatures of clinical outcomes in trauma patients\u2013beyond lactate and base deficit","volume":"69","author":"Cohen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R166","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00383.2009","article-title":"Human placental metabolic adaptation to chronic hypoxia, high altitude: hypoxic preconditioning","volume":"298","author":"Tissot van Patot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00181.x","article-title":"H-NMR-based metabolic signatures of mild and severe ischemia\/reperfusion injury in rat kidney transplants","volume":"67","author":"Serkova","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00020.2006","article-title":"Metabolic regulation in the lactating mammary gland: a lipid synthesizing machine","volume":"28","author":"Rudolph","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol Genomics"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2008.006","article-title":"Critical evaluation of 1H NMR metabonomics of serum as a methodology for disease risk assessment and diagnostics","volume":"46","author":"Ala-Korpela","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1373","article-title":"A metabonomic approach to early prognostic evaluation of experimental sepsis by (1)H NMR and pattern recognition","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib41","first-page":"1065","article-title":"Alterations in rat serum proteome and metabolome as putative disease markers in sepsis","volume":"66","author":"Hinkelbein","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L152","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00515.2007","article-title":"Utility of magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics for quantification of inflammatory lung injury","volume":"295","author":"Serkova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000166357.10996.8A","article-title":"Glutamine attenuates lung injury and improves survival after sepsis: role of enhanced heat shock protein expression","volume":"33","author":"Singleton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2004.05.023","article-title":"Glutamine attenuates endotoxin-induced lung metabolic dysfunction: potential role of enhanced heat shock protein 70","volume":"21","author":"Singleton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.896","article-title":"Metabolic profile of the hippocampus of Zucker diabetic fatty rats assessed by in vivo 1h magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"17","author":"van der Graaf","year":"2004","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2009.12.006","article-title":"Analysis of skeletal muscle metabolome: evaluation of extraction methods for targeted metabolite quantification using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"398","author":"El Rammouz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6565(95)01013-0","article-title":"1H NMR spectroscopy of human blood plasma","volume":"27","author":"Ala-Korpela","year":"1995","journal-title":"Prog Nucl Magn Reson Spectrosc"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5423","DOI":"10.1021\/pr900576y","article-title":"Systemic metabolic changes of traumatic critically ill patients revealed by an NMR-based metabonomic approach","volume":"8","author":"Mao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200712-1895OC","article-title":"Proteomic and computational analysis of bronchoalveolar proteins during the course of the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"178","author":"Chang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.90275.2008","article-title":"Discovery of the gene signature for acute lung injury in patients with sepsis","volume":"37","author":"Howrylak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol Genomics"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200612-1819OC","article-title":"The use of gene-expression profiling to identify candidate genes in human sepsis","volume":"176","author":"Tang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4260","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.12.4260","article-title":"Personal metabolomics as a next generation nutritional assessment","volume":"133","author":"German","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.6.2097S","article-title":"Metabolomics and its potential for assessment of adequacy and safety of amino acid intake","volume":"133","author":"Noguchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20041243","article-title":"Metabolomics: an emerging post-genomic tool for nutrition","volume":"92","author":"Whitfield","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1202-802","article-title":"Rapid and noninvasive diagnosis of the presence and severity of coronary heart disease using 1H-NMR-based metabonomics","volume":"8","author":"Brindle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1039\/b209155k","article-title":"Application of chemometrics to 1H NMR spectroscopic data to investigate a relationship between human serum metabolic profiles and hypertension","volume":"128","author":"Brindle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Analyst (Lond)"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3868","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.569137","article-title":"Metabolomic identification of novel biomarkers of myocardial ischemia","volume":"112","author":"Sabatine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.968","article-title":"Metabolic differences between primary and recurrent human brain tumors: a 1H NMR spectroscopic investigation","volume":"18","author":"Lehnhardt","year":"2005","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D603","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn810","article-title":"Hmdb: A knowledge base for the human metabolome","volume":"37","author":"Wishart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W71","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq329","article-title":"MSEA: a web-based tool to identify biologically meaningful patterns in quantitative metabolomic data","volume":"38","author":"Xia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D480","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp1002","article-title":"SMPDB: the small molecule pathway database","volume":"38","author":"Frolkis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2174\/138920008783331149","article-title":"Metabolomics","volume":"9","author":"Gomase","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metab"},{"key":"2026032101234339400_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1058040","article-title":"The sequence of the human genome","volume":"291","author":"Venter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/184\/6\/647\/67293569\/ajrccm_184_6_647.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/184\/6\/647\/67293569\/ajrccm_184_6_647.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T05:23:54Z","timestamp":1774070634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article\/184\/6\/647\/8508535"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201103-0474ci","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-449X","1535-4970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-449X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]}}}