{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T16:53:53Z","timestamp":1782406433596,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are widely documented as a cause of illness among HIV-infected people in the developed world, studies describing the prevalence of NTM disease among HIV-infected people in most resource-limited settings are rare.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the prevalence of mycobacterial disease in HIV-infected patients in Southeast Asia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We enrolled people with HIV from three countries in Southeast Asia and collected pulmonary and extrapulmonary specimens to evaluate the prevalence of mycobacterial disease. We adapted American Thoracic Society\/Infectious Disease Society of America guidelines to classify patients into NTM pulmonary disease, NTM pulmonary disease suspects, NTM disseminated disease, and no NTM categories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Cambodia, where solid media alone was used, NTM was rare. Of 1,060 patients enrolled in Thailand and Vietnam, where liquid culture was performed, 124 (12%) had tuberculosis and 218 (21%) had NTM. Of 218 patients with NTM, 66 (30%) were classified as NTM pulmonary disease suspects, 9 (4%) with NTM pulmonary disease, and 10 (5%) with NTM disseminated disease. The prevalence of NTM disease was 2% (19 of 1,060). Of 51 patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), none had NTM disease compared with 19 (2%) of 1,009 not receiving ART.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although people with HIV frequently have sputum cultures positive for NTM, few meet a strict case definition for NTM disease. Consistent with previous studies, ART was associated with lower odds of having NTM disease. Further studies of NTM in HIV-infected individuals in tuberculosis-endemic countries are needed to develop and validate case definitions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201107-1327oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,17]],"date-time":"2012-02-17T00:51:46Z","timestamp":1329439906000},"page":"981-988","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease in Patients with HIV in Southeast Asia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"185","author":[{"given":"Kimberly D.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin P.","family":"Cain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin L.","family":"Winthrop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nibondh","family":"Udomsantisuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen T. 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