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Infants have both anatomical and physiological predispositions toward airway obstruction and gas exchange abnormalities; including a superiorly placed larynx, increased chest wall compliance, ventilation\u2013perfusion mismatching, and ventilatory control instability. Congenital abnormalities of the airway, such as laryngomalacia, hemangiomas, pyriform aperture stenosis, choanal atresia, and laryngeal webs, may also have adverse effects on airway patency. Additional exacerbating factors predisposing infants toward airway collapse include neck flexion, airway secretions, gastroesophageal reflux, and sleep deprivation. Obstructive sleep apnea in infants has been associated with failure to thrive, behavioral deficits, and sudden infant death. The proper interpretation of infant polysomnography requires an understanding of normative data related to gestation and postconceptual age for apnea, arousal, and oxygenation. Direct visualization of the upper airway is an important diagnostic modality in infants with obstructive apnea. Treatment options for infant obstructive sleep apnea are predicated on the underlying etiology, including supraglottoplasty for severe laryngomalacia, mandibular distraction for micrognathia, tonsillectomy and\/or adenoidectomy, choanal atresia repair, and\/or treatment of gastroesophageal reflux.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201108-1455ci","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,3]],"date-time":"2011-12-03T01:11:48Z","timestamp":1322874708000},"page":"805-816","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":224,"title":["Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Infants"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"185","author":[{"given":"Eliot S.","family":"Katz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron B.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, and Children's Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn M.","family":"D'Ambrosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center and Tufts Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032101144951600_bib1","author":"Rigatto"},{"key":"2026032101144951600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2010.126","article-title":"Apnea of prematurity: pathogenesis and management strategies","volume":"31","author":"Mathew","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"2026032101144951600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/27.5.997","article-title":"Pathophysiology of upper 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